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THE UNIVERSITY 
OF ILLNIOIS 


LIBRARY 


D265 
Bee 


The person charging this material is re- 
sponsible for its return to the library from 
which it was withdrawn on or before the 
Latest Date stamped below. 


Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books 
are reasons for disciplinary action and may 
result in dismissal from the University. 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 


amd 


L161— O-1096 


THE STORY OF HAWAITI 


STATUE OF KAMEHAMEHA [| 


iiehe 


STORY OF HAWAL 


BY 


MARY CHARLOTTE ALEXANDER 


NEW YORK ::- CINCINNATI -:- CHICAGO 


Mee Rie AN BOOK COMPANY 


. ‘Copvricut, 1gI2, BY 
MARY CHARLOTTE ALE 


STORY OF HAWAII, 


W.PT 


Sy 


TO 
THE CHILDREN OF HAWAII 
WITH WHOM 


ITS FUTURE LIES 


Z \ 

= 5 
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“Love thou thy land with love fa -br 
From out the storied past.” 


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CONTENTS 


PAGE 

I. Tue Arrivar or Hawat-Loa : P ; ‘ : : 9 

Il. Tue Taces or Hawair-Loa . : ; : A : aoe Le 
Ill. Later VoyaGes : : 5 ; : ; : ‘ . 04 
L¥. Tare Story or Umi . 5 , ‘ 4 : ‘ y » 44 
V. EARLY SPANISH ARRIVALS 7 ; . A z : is) Geo 
VI. Tue Discovery By Cook . : ‘eas x ; 3 Pee its 
VIL KAMEHAMEHA . : , : : . : : ; a oe 
1. KAMEHAMEHA THE CHIEF. ; s 3 ‘ z 2 - ape 

2. KAMEHAMEHA’S CONQUESTS. 5 : : : 124 

3. Tue Last YEARS or KAMEHAMEHA : , ; S beys 

VIII. Tue Reian or KAMEHAMEHA II 3 ; i 4 , . 169 
IX. KAAHUMANU : : : : : : : F , eety 
X.- HAWAIL AND THE OutsipE WorLD, . : : : : et 
XI. ProGcress In Hawa : : s : : : j ey pe 
APPENDIX ; : ; x A 5 ; : = - ‘ . 266 


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HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 


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LIBRARY 
OF THE . 
\LLINOIS 


UNIVERSITY OF 


ae STORY OF HAW AU 


CHAPTER I 
THE ARRIVAL OF HAWAII-LOA 
“Steadily steering, eagerly peering.” 


IN the long dim past before the early Hawaiian ancestors 
had ever seen the Pacific, their bards sang meles, or songs, 
the words of which were handed: down from father to son. 
These meles preserved the names and the great deeds of the 
forefathers from those earliest times in the far East, through 
their stay at the Society Islands, until they came to Hawaii. 
One legendary mele, twelve hundred years old, tells of 
Hawaii-loa. 

In the seventeenth generation after the flood, Hawaii-loa 
lived on the eastern coast of Kahiki, where green hills stood 
above white-dotted seas. He was descended from the gods. 
Not only did he know the hiding places of all the fishes for 
miles out from the shore, but in his canoe he ventured long 
distances over the far-reaching ocean. His double canoe, 


larger than the Hawaiian canoes of to-day, held a house on 
9 


10 .THE STORY OF HAWAII 


the platform in the middle. On one expedition in it, Ha- 
waii-loa braved the open ocean and sailed under an arch 
formed for him by the rainbow god, toward the east, steering 
in the direction of the Pleiades. Long days in the wind his 
mat sail flapped over the sparkling blue waters. 


A Tropic Bird 


Five times the moon had changed when, in front of the 
canoe, white wings of tropic birds flashed through the gray 
mist, a sign of land. Hawaii-loa peered into the distance. 
Where the sky drops down, he saw three deep blue spots with 
soft clouds hanging over them like a mantle. Later the ribs 
of the earth rose up in a broad island, extending far and 
near. As the sun mounted higher, three lofty peaks cast 
their shadows on the water. Snow-capped Mauna Kea 
(White-mountain), Mauna Loa (Long-mountain), and Mount 


THE ARRIVAL OF HAWAILLOA 11 


Hualalai, named for his wife, towered on this first and largest 
island, which he called after himself. 

The island of Hawaii overlooked the seven other islands of 
the group, in a line northwest. These he named after his 
children. Seventy miles beyond Hawaii stood the two heights 
of the island of Maui, its grand purple mountain of Haleakala 
with the clouds across its brow; on the east, and opposite, 
loomed the mountain range of West Maui, land of the wester- 
ing sun, cut by the valleys of four waters. A red haze of 
wind-blown dust reached East Maui from the small island of 
Kahoolawe. Near West Maui, upon a sea of blue rifted with 
white, stretched the little island of Lanai and the high and 
low land of Molokai. Fifty miles across the chopping seas 
of the Molokai passage, Hawaii-loa’s canoe plowed its way 
to the island of Oahu, with its coral reefs flecked with white 
foam, its lofty peak of Kaala the Sweet-scented, its low- 
voiced waters of Ewa, and its lovely deep valleys. To Oahu 
Hawaii-loa gave also the royal title of Wohi, belonging to the 
one next to the king. Sixty-three miles farther northwest, 
across the waters of a rough channel, he ran his canoe up on 
the yellow beach of the Garden Island, — Kauai, watered 
by the rivers that rise from its cloud-veiled middle peak, 
covered with forests of red lehua. Beyond Kauai lay the 
small green island of Niihau. The Islands of the Eight Seas, 
with their soft winds, their blue mountain peaks, and their 


12 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


verdant valleys encircled by rainbows, filled Hawaii-loa 
with delight. He decided to make them his home, and 
returned for his wife, Hualalai, and his children. 

A second time he came to Hawaii. Before treading on the 
beach, he asked permission of the gods, then the only in- 
habitants, to remain. 
The fire gods objected, 
but soon, relenting, 
withdrew to the moun- 
tains. Hawaii-loa, the 
first to find theseislands, 
pulled his canoe, laden 
with the pig, the dog, 
and a pair of fowls that 
he had brought, up on 
the shore. For food he 
found fruits and vege- 
tables, yellow poha, pink 


ohelo, and red akala 


Taro Plant 


berries, ohias, bananas 

and coconuts, and sweet potatoes and taro roots. But he 

found no animals. Hence he decided to make his home near 
the shore where he could obtain fish. 

To cut the trees for building his house, he needed sharp 

tools, but he found no iron or other metal for them. The 


THE ARRIVAL OF HAWATI-LOA 13 


best he could do was to chip a piece of hard lava rock for an 
ax of stone, and rub one end with another piece to make a 
dull edge. With this he chopped, or rather pecked at, the 
branches of the red-leaved kamane tree, until at last he had 


Gourd Bottles 


cut logs enough for posts and rafters. Next, as he had no 
nails, he needed something for tying the logs together. He 
scraped the olona grass and spun it by rubbing it on his 
thigh, and twisted and braided it and also coconut fiber 
for strong cord. He pulled up bunches of pili grass, and 
thatched the sides and roof of his house, leaving a low door 
at one end and wind holes near the place for his sleeping mats. 


14 THE: STORY OF HAWaliy 


The floor he covered with small pebbles. When finished, his 
house stood as high as his head. 

From the leaves of the hala tree, he wove mats to sleep on, 
and a covering for his wooden pillow. He found gourd bottles 
to hold his water. Over a log of brown kou wood he toiled 


Stone Adzes 


with a stone adze, cutting and hollowing a beautiful deep 
ealabash to hold his food. His main food, poi, he made by 
mashing cooked taro roots with a stone pounder. For lights 
after sunset, he baked and shelled kukui nuts, and strung 
them on bamboo sticks and the midribs of coconut leaves, 
hence the Hawaiian word “kukui,” to-day for a lantern or 
lamp. As they burned slowly and steadily, he used them also 
for timepieces. Sometimes he put kukui nut oil into a hol- 


THE ARRIVAL OF HAWAII-LOA 15 


lowed stone for a lamp with a string of paper from the bark 
of the mulberry tree for a wick. This same thick paper, or 


A Poi Board and Pounders 


tapa, he used for clothing. With a needle of bone he sewed 
together sets of five tapa sheets for his bed, laying some away 
with fragrant maile leaves and mokihana berries. 

Having supplied his 
wants, Hawaii-loa turned 
to pleasures, and made 
himself musical instru- 
ments : an ukeke, a strip 
of wood or bamboo with 
three strings of coconut 
fiber attached ; a kiokio, 
a small gourd with three 


46.2, 
of eet 


A 
eR lt dee 
DYges “y 
, Fer on ees 
he nat ae 

Bx ey 


holes, one for the nose ERAS pate 
A Stone L from Molokai 

and two for the fingers ; one Lamp from Molokai 

and two drums, a coconut shell and a gourd, each covered 


at one end with sharks’ teeth. Perhaps in leisure time his 


16 THE STORY OF HAWAIL 


children scratched the pictures on rocks in Kona, Hawaii, 


at Koloa, Kauai, and in a cave near Makapuu Point on 


Gourd Hula Drums 


Oahu, — pictures 
that no one knows 
anything about. 
Thus only could 
the first man on 
Hawaii provide for 
himself and_ his 
family. 

Centuries _ later 


when other Hawaii- 
ans came from the 


South and saw the 
sea walls inclosing 
bays and reefs that 
this people had la- 


bored to build for fish ponds on Kauai and Molokai, near 


Honolulu, at Hilo, and elsewhere, they said: “A tiny, nimble 


people called Menehunes did this. They all work together, 


never laboring twice on the same thing, finishing whatever 


they do in a single night. No one can see them, but on still 


nights we have heard their noise and the hum of their voices.”’ 
The work of the first arrivals had been so well done that to 
this day the Hawaiians use the fish ponds which they built. 


CHAPTER II 


THE TALES OF HAWAII-LOA 


HAWAII-LOA’S grandchildren enjoyed his tales. One 
day after helping their grandfather haul his last canoe load 
of glistening fish up the warm beach, they were resting in 
the shade of a bending hau tree, when the white-haired old 
fisherman began : — 


“Never quiet, never falling, never sleeping, 
Very noisy is the sea of the sacred caves.”’ 


His grandchildren leaned forward. They knew now he 
would go on chanting old meles, and tell them stories of 
Hawaii and its gods. 


KANE 


“From Kahiki at the edge of the sky,” he said, ‘came 
four great gods: Kane, Kanaloa, Ku, and Lono. Lono 
was the best loved, Ku, the most cruel. Kanaloa, Kane’s 
younger brother, it was who cut the land into islands 
with his sacred knife. Kane, the father of men and the 
world-maker, was the greatest of the gods.” 


STORY OF HAWAIL—2 Le, 


18 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


With his dim eyes fixed on the tumbling waters, Hawaii- 
~ Joa chanted :— 
“A question I ask of you: 


Where is the water of Kane?” 
As he paused, turning from one to the other, the grandchil- 
dren bent toward him eagerly, awaiting his own answer. , 


“At the Eastern gate 
Where the sun comes in at Hachae ; 
Out there with the floating sun, 
Where the cloud-forms rest on ocean’s breast ; 
Yonder on mountain peak, 
On the ridges steep, 
In the valleys deep, 
Where the rivers sweep ; 
In the driving rain, 
In the heavenly bow, 
Up on high is the water of Kane, 
In the heavenly blue, 
In the black-piled cloud ; 
Deep in the ground, in the gushing spring, 
A well-spring of water to quaff, 
A water of magic power — 
The water of life! 
Life! O give us this life!” 


PELE 


Hawaii-loa paused for breath. 
“Shall I tell you about Pele, the fearful goddess of the 
voleano ?’’ he asked. 


THE TALES OF HAWAITI-LOA 19 


“Yes,” the listening children called out ; ‘‘and tell us how 
she came to Hawaii !”’ 

‘Pele lived first in Kahiki,” the grandfather resumed; 
“but her brothers sent her away from there because she 
showed such disrespect to her parent. She pelted her 
mother earth with rocks and burned her with hot lava.” 

After glancing around his audience to see the surprise 
and indignation in the faces of the children, Hawaii-loa 
chanted a mele : — 


“From Kahiki came the woman Pele, : 
From the land of Bola-Bola, 
From the red cloud of Kane, 
Cloud blazing in the heavens, 
Fiery cloud-pile in Kahiki. 
Kager desire for Hawaii seized the: woman Pele. 
The lashings of the canoe are done. 
Who shall sit astern, be steersman, O princess ? 
Pele of the yellow earth. 
The splash of the paddle dashes o’er the canoe; 
A flashing of lightning, O Pele! 
Blaze forth, O Pele!” 


A very ancient mele followed; about Pele’s digging cra- 
ters with an 00, a sharpened pole of hard wood. 
“There’s a pit in Niihau 


Heated red by Pele. 
The thud of the oo is heard down in the ground. 


20 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Wakea asks, 

‘What god’s this a-digging ?’ 

It is I, it is Pele; 

I am digging a fire pit on Kauai. 


=f 
‘There’s a pit on Kauai 

Heated red by Pele. 

The thud of the oo is heard down in the ground. 

Wakea asks, 

‘What god’s this a-digging?’ 

It is I, it is Pele. 

I am digging a fire pit on Oahu.” 


An Eruption in the Crater of Mokuaweowe 


In like manner the mele told how, on each island in turn, 
Pele made volcanoes. It closed thus : — 


“Digging, digging, 
The goddess is at it again!” 


THE TALES OF HAWAII-LOA 21 


The children waited to hear more about Pele. 
“After digging craters on each island,” continued Hawalii- 
loa, ‘“‘Pele made her last abode in the crater of Kilauea 


on Hawaii. Here with Kamohoalii, the King-of- 
Steam-and-Vapor, with Kapohai Kahiula, the 
Explosion-in-the-Palace-of-Life, with Keoahi 


Kama Kaua, Fire-Thrusting-Child-of-War, | and 
with several others of longer names, she A / danced 
with her family to the music of the 7, roaring fires. 


Pi and Pa, two tiny sprites, kept his / time, calling 

shrilly in the crackling sparks Yd 

were rising, and Pa when they ig j were going down. 
waves, and_ played 


Pele sported in the red J 
that thundered. Some- 


Konane, rolling balls “44% 


times she left the lie / erater and went among 
mortals. he 
“A chief, Ka- “4AW/ hawali, the champion sled-rider 


on Kauai, Ley | hearing of a beautiful young woman 
at Puna, “4 
his ho- /QW/ lua, or sled, from Kauai to race with her. 

4G J7 the day set for the racing, people from far 
7 and near gathered on the hill where the pili 
grass had been strewn over the smooth track for 
sliding. In the crowd stood the musicians with 


AHolua their drums of gourds, and the hula dancers, decked 


who slid marvelous distances, brought 


22 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


in maile and lehua, wearing noisy anklets of dogs’ teeth that 
rattled with every step. Before the young woman arrived, 
Kahawali and a friend brought out their long shining sleds 
of dark kauila wood to practice. They had made them of 


Cascade of Lava 


two narrow, pointed runners, eighteen feet long, fastened 
together two inches apart in front and wider behind. 

“As Kahawali placed his sled a few yards back of the 
starting place, a wrinkled old hag, red-eyed and crooked- 
backed, limped up to him. 

“¢T wish to slide too,’ she whined. ‘Lend me your sled.’ 


THE TALES OF HAWATI-LOA 23 


““What does an old woman like you want of a sled?’ 
Kahawali answered in surprise. ‘You are not my wife 
that you should have my holua.’ 

“Out of pity, Kahawali’s friend pushed his sled forward. 


Lava Tree Casts— Puna 


The old woman and Kahawali grasped the sleds at about 
the middle with their right hands, and running to the start- 
ing point, threw themselves with all their might upon them, 
diving head-foremost down the steep hill, and gliding with 
lightning speed over the plain below. Kahawali slid farthest 
and won the race. 


24 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“A trick!’ shrieked the old woman, her eyes growing 
redder. ‘A poor sled! Give me yours!’ 

“Again they tried it. Like arrows they shot off. Kaha- 
wali, ahead, happened to look back. On a river of liquid 
fire, not the old hag, but the terrible goddess Pele was rac- 
ing down after him with thunder and lightning. None too 
soon his sled reached the bottom of the hill. With out- 
stretched, burning arms Pele still pursued. She chased him 
to the beach, where, already scorched, he jumped into a 
canoe, and raised his spear for a sail barely in time to escape. 
From the shore, Pele threw great rocks after him. When 
they missed their aim, she stamped her foot on the ground 
in rage: thereupon a resounding earthquake rent the whole 
hill. Thus did Pele ravage this district with a lava eruption, 


999 


winning for herself the name ‘Pele, consumer of rocks. 


MAUI 


Hawaii-loa forgot his audience as he rested. Suddenly 
his eyes twinkled and he slapped his knee with satisfaction : 
“You must hear the stories of Maui, the quick one. No one 
did more for Hawaii than he. His father was a god; his 
mother you can see in the moon. He could step from one 
island to another. When he bathed, his feet touched the 
bottom of the ocean, while his hair dripped with water, 


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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


THE TALES OF HAWAII-LOA 25 


from touching the clouds. 


Through his father, he had 


great strength. It was Maui who first lifted the sky off 


the land, giving it 
a last shove from 
Kauiki Hill at Hana. 
When trying to pull 
the islands together 
with his magic hook, 
he broke off Niihau 
and Coconut Island. 

“‘At onetime Maui 
lived with Hina, his 
mother, above Kaha- 
kuloa Point on West 
Maui. When the 
early morning light 
glinted on the leaves 
of the mulberry 
grove, Hina was 
there, stripping the 


Tapa Makers 


bark in single pieces off the long branches. As she worked 
she prayed to the kind goddess of tapa beaters, who had 
changed herself for their sakes into the first mulberry tree. 
She soaked the bark that she had stripped until, with the 
sawlike edge of a shell, she could scrape off the outer coat. 


26 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


The white inner bark she laid on a smooth log, and grasp- 
ing a grooved mallet of the dark kauila wood, beat the 
strips together, while a young girl brought water to keep 
them wet. As Hina beat she tapped a message to her friend 
below in the valley, rap-a-tap-tap-a-tap, —who answered, 
tap-tap. The tapa, or kapa, “ the-beaten,” was now ready 


The Top of Haleakala 


to dry. But Hina had no sooner stretched out the last 
piece than the sun rushed down into the under world, and 
she had to take her tapa all in again. 

‘She was moaning over the short days and her work un- 
finished when Maui came home. Vexed that his mother 
should be put to so much trouble, he watched the sun. It 


THE TALES OF HAWAITI-LOA 27 


rose toward Hana and went up over Haleakala. To make 
a strong cord he cut down all the coconut trees at Waihee 
for the fiber from their coconut husks. Carrying this 
sennit, he climbed ten thousand feet to the top of Haleakala, 
- House-of-the-Sun. Here, far away, above the clouds, the 
honored makers of stone axes and adzes worked, chipping 
the hard rocks. Maui called to his grandmother, whom he 
found there : — 

‘“““T have come to kill the sun. He goes so fast that he 
never dries the tapa that Hina has beaten out.’ 

“The old woman gave him a magic stone ax to battle with. 
Maui hid himself and waited. Soon the sun’s first and long- 
est glittering limb, seen at dawn when the sun goes with 
greatest speed, came up over the mountain side. Maui 
made a noose of his cord, caught this limb, and broke it off 
with his ax. He lassoed and broke off in turn all the 
sun’s long legs. 

“<«Thou art my captive, and now I will kill thee for going 
so fast !’ he shouted. 

“““Let me live,’ the sun pleaded, ‘and thou shalt see me go 
more slowly hereafter. Behold, hast thou not broken off 
all my strong legs, and left me only weak ones?’ 

“After Maui had made the day longer, he rescued Hina 
from the Moo, a large monster like the alligators that the 
Hawaiians had known in the far East. The Moo had 


28 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


dammed up the Wailuku River near Hilo, until the water 
had flooded the cave back of Rainbow Falls, where Hina 
sat with her friends. 
With two strokes of his 
paddle, Maui crossed 
the channel. He left 
his canoe at the mouth 
of the Wailuku River, 
where it still remains, a 
long rock called Ka- 
waa-o-Maui. Higher 
up the stream lies the 
Moo, a black rock, 
drowned by Maui as it 
had intended to drown 
his mother.” 

“We know all these 
rocks; we have often 


seen them !”’ interrupted 


Rainbow Falls 


the grandchildren of 
Hawaii-loa, not waiting for the end of the story. 

The grandfather raised his trembling hands for them to 
hush. “Maui had long tried to obtain the secret of fire- 
making for his people,’ he resumed. “Only the little 
black alae, or mud hens, who lived in the dark rushes over the 


THE TALES OF HAWAII-LOA 29 


swamps, could make it. He had caught a delicious whiff 
from one of their cooked bananas once, and knew that it 
must taste bet- 
ter than his 
own raw food. 


Pee 


Whenever he 
and his broth- 
ers fished far 
out from the 


shore, wreaths 
of smoke would 
curl up from 
the sand across 
the water. 
But before he 
could paddle 


back, one of 
the alae would 
give ashrill cry A Mud Hen 
of warning. He reached the shore to find the birds flown 
and the fire scratched out. 

“ At last Maui thought of a new plan. 

“Take a tall calabash,’ he said to his three brothers, 
‘dress it in tapa, and put it in my place in the canoe, while 
I conceal myself here in the rushes.’ 


30 THE STORY OF HAWAITI 


‘The curly-tailed: mud hen, watching from the shore, 
counted four figures at sea in the canoe, and lit the fire. 

“¢Our dish is cooked,’ she soon called out. Then she 
added, mockingly, ‘Behold, Maui is a quick one!’ 

‘‘Maui had not been quick enough to see how she made 
the fire, but he crept closer now. Pushing the rushes aside, 
| he jumped suddenly forward, and caught 
the little mud hen by her long yellow 

claws. 


“«Tet me live, and 


you shall have fire!’ 


quavered the bird, as he 


began tc wring her slen- 

der black neck. 
‘Where is the fire?’ 

demanded Maui. 
“Rub the leaf stalk of taro with a 

| hard stick,’ she said. 

Fire-making Tools = *¢ Maui did as he was told. No fire 


came, but ever since the taro stalk has had a long hollow. 


“¢Vou are fooling me!’ he cried; ‘I won’t let you 20 
until you tell me the truth !’ 

‘By telling Maui to rub the wrong things together, the 
courageous little mud hen kept her secret for a long time. 

‘““<T here is still one other thing to try !’ Maui called out at 


THE TALES OF HAWAII-LOA OL. 


last, exasperated. Herubbed the top of the poor bird’s head 
until it was as red as it has been ever since. In this way he 
forced the mud hen to reveal the secret of fire-making. 
Then Maui took a stick of soft hau wood between his feet, 
and rubbed a smaller stick of hard wood on it rapidly in a 
groove. Smoke came. A red flame darted up. Maui 
caught it on a twisted piece of tapa. After this the Ha- 
walians made fires in imus, underground ovens lined with 
stones. When these imus were hot, they put in their food 
wrapped in ti leaves, they covered it with hot coals and earth 
and left it there to cook.”’ 


HIKU AND KAWELU 


The sun had set, and the short twilight was passing into 
night. | 

“This darkness,’ mused Hawaii-loa, “‘reminds me of a 
legend of the under world.”’ 

His grandchildren crouched together a little closer, and 
_ watched him with eyes like stars. | 

‘“‘Maui’s mother guards the way to the invisible world of 
darkness. Hiku once made the perilous descent there. 
He had lived alone with his mother near the top of Hua- 
lalai until he was of age. Then for the first time she con- 
sented to his going down to see the people below. But she 
warned him not to stay too long. 


32 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“When Hiku drew near to the houses at the foot of the 
mountain, he shot his magic arrow, Pua-no, into the air, and 
followed it. Through the courtyard of a chief in Kona it 
whizzed. Hiku strode after it into the chief’s house. Lo, 
not his arrow, but the Princess Kawelu, lovely as the twi- 
light of the Kona evenings, greeted his eyes. ‘Pua-no!’ he 
called softly. ‘No,’ responded the quivering arrow, re- 
vealing the place where the princess had hidden it. She 
invited him to stay, for she found him pleasant to look upon. 
When recollection of his mother’s words made him determine 
to start back, she shut him in a house, not knowing that he 
would escape by lifting off a piece of the thatched roof. 

“ After Hiku had gone, the princess refused to be comforted, 
and pined away. Messengers brought Hiku to her side too 
late. Although he loved Kawelu now, and wept, her spirit 
had already flown to the under world. Resolving to go there 
and bring it back, he collected a great quantity of koali 
vine, and cut a coconut shell into two closely fitting parts. 
He sailed in a company of canoes to the point where the 
western sky comes down to meet the waters. Here into the 
dark regions of Milu his friends lowered him. As he en- 
tered the shadowy cavern where the spirits dwell, living on 
lizards and butterflies, they crowded about, curious to see 
his swing. Kawelu recognized him at once, and, darting 
up, swung with him on the koali vine. Suddenly Hiku’s 


THE TALES OF HAWAII-LOA 33 
friends began pulling him up. Kawelu, seeing the increasing 
distance below, would have flitted away like a butterfly, if 
Hiku had not quickly clapped her into the coconut shell. 

“He hurried to her house, and put her spirit into her body. 
Her heart beat. She began to breathe. Slowly she opened 
her eyes and gazed on Hiku. Then her lips moved. 

““How could you be so cruel as to léave me?’ she mur- 
mured faintly.”’ 

Hawaii-loa stopped, and looked out to the sea, where the 
moonlight now formed a shining track. 

“Anaulu, a shower is coming,” he exclaimed. “We had 
better go in.” 

“Lono brought the rain from Kahiki,” he continued, as 
they strode toward their huts. ‘He lived under the steep 
rock of Kealakekua. But he left in a triangular canoe for 
a foreign land. Some day he will come back across this 
ocean, for the Hawaiians loved him, and before he left, he 
said : — 


““T will return in after times on an island, 
Bearing swine, dogs, and coconut trees.’ ” 


Notr.—The meles quoted in this volume are from Kmerson’s 
“Unwritten Literature of Hawaii.” 


STORY OF HAWAIIL—3 


CHAPTER III 
LATER VOYAGES 


It was the eleventh century. Since the time of Hawaii- 
loa, no new meles of great deeds had been sung in Hawaii for 
five hundred years. No outside voyagers had had the cour- 
age or the hardihood to seek such remote shores. But at 
length an awakening time came. 

Deep in a mountain forest of Tahaa, one of the Society 
Islands in the South Pacific, men with dusky forms stood 
silently beneath a giant crescent-leaved koa tree. Close to 
the trunk of the tree, with a stone ax in his upraised hand, 
bent a kahuna, or priest, chanting in a low voice. Before 
him in a row at the foot of the tree lay a black pig, some red 
fish, coconuts, and a gourd of awa drink. He was calling 
the eight canoe gods by name. Paao, a noted priest, whose 
son had been falsely accused of theft by his brother, had 
ordered a canoe made to sail to far-off Hawaii. 

“Listen now to the ax,” the priest chanted ; “this is the 
ax that is to fell the tree for the canoe.” 

Any sound made during the chanting would mean death. 
Hark ! a sweet bird note. The speckled little elepaio bird 

34 


LATER VOYAGES OO 


with reddish brown breast had lighted on the giant tree. 
Only she was allowed to interrupt with her song as much as 
she pleased the long aha, or prayer, of the priest. She came 
as the messenger of 
the canoe gods. The 
waiting people fixed 
their eyes on the 
plump little bird as, 
with her tail poked 
up  jauntily, she 


hopped among the 
green leaves, along a y 
branch, examining “A 
the tree. Then she kee ep 
pecked the bark. In this way the wise little messenger of 
the canoe gods advised them to give up this tree. Quickly 
the head priest strode to another, and the people followed. 
Well they might, for she pecked only when searching out 
what the meles called, 
“The worm that eats crawling, 
Kats to the very ribs.”’ 

After the priest had invoked the eight gods again, the 
other men, who were priests also, with hard blows helped 
cut down the tree. The woods rang to their dull whacks. 
With only a stone ax to work with, to fell the tree would 


a6 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


have taken a man alone many days. The koa giant began 
to crack. They lowered their voices. With a thud it lay 
upon the ground. 
The head priest called to the gods in loud tones : — 
“Grant a canoe that shall be as swift as a fish! 


To sail in stormy seas 
When the storm tosses on all sides !”’ 


He wreathed the top with ieie vine, where he cut it. He 
tapered each end, and chanted a long prayer, beginning : —- 


“Cive me the tree’s main root, O Lono! 
Give me the ear of the tree, O Lono! 
Hearken by night, and hear by day, 
Come for the tree and take it to the seaside.” 


The multitude dragged the tree down through the forest, 
while he followed behind, to the beach. 

Here the canoe was shaped, and painted black with pressed 
burnt kukui nuts and torch cinders mixed with oil. All 
that was lacking to finish it was to bind the cross pieces and 
top rails with coconut fiber.. According to the mele, Paao 
ordered a tabu for a month: no fire must be lighted; no 
person must walk out, or work; no sound must be made; 
chickens must be put under calabashes: dogs must be muz- 
zled to be kept quiet. | 

At the end of the month they finished binding and lashing 
the canoe. As it lay on the beach, it was larger than our 


LATER VOYAGES ov 


canoes. It had sides planked up, and sewn with sennit. 
Probably it compared well in size with Columbus’s ships 
that crossed the Atlantic a century later. Paao stood near 
the canoe beside the priest, who called to — 


‘“‘Lono of the blue sea, 
The white sea, the rough sea, 
The sea with swamping breakers ;”’ 


and the other gods added : — 

“‘Look you after this canoe. Guard it from stem to stern.”’ 

As no sound had been made during his prayer, a good voy- 
age was assured. Paao launched his canoe. He rigged it 
with a mast and a three-cornered sail of braided lauhala with 
the point down, and laid in supplies for a long voyage, bring- 
ing on board his feathered idol, the war god Kukailimoku, 
Ku-to-take-the-islands. He carried a navigator to decide 
the course, a sailing master, and a trumpeter, besides stew- 
ards. Paao with his sister and their party sat on a raised plat- 
form in the middle under a roof of mats. The forty paddlers 
took their seats, two on a bench. Paao raised his arms to 
heaven and prayed for success in venturing to find new lands. 
The canoe passed round a bluff and struck out to sea. 

When Paao’s canoe, far out, showed only a speck on the 
horizon, a wizard stood on the bluff, and called, ‘Take 
me, too!”’ His voice reached Paao, faintly, like the trem- 
blings of a spider’s web. 


38 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“The canoe is full,” Paao shouted back. “The only 
place left is the point at the stern.” 

“Pll take it,” called the wizard. 

“Jump aboard then !”’ called Paao. 

With one leap the wizard caught hold of the end of the 
canoe, and seated himself. 

In the meantime Paao’s brother behind, learning that 
Paao had cleared the land, began incantations to overcome 
him. He let loose all the winds of heaven, even the fierce 
south kona wind. He shut Paao in black rain clouds. 
But Paao, undaunted, having prepared for terrible storms, 
put up deck mats fore and aft to keep out the waves. 
His aumakuas, family guardians, the aku and opelu fish, 
followed the canoe to defeat enchantments. When the 
wind stirred up the sea to swamp the canoe, the aku would 
frisk, and the opelu come together, in a way that calmed 
down the ocean. So the canoe sailed safely onward. 

Paao guided his canoe by the stars. Like the other 
Pacific seamen, from a child he had known the different 
constellations. He knew the rising and the setting of the 
stars at all times of the year. The planets he called “ Wan- 
dering stars.” The Pleiades cluster of fixed stars was his 
chief guide. In directing his course, he noted the flight 
of birds, and the signs of approaching land. 

Near the coast of the island of Hawaii he met “‘the tides 


LATER VOYAGES oo 


that wash the lauhala groves of Puna,” celebrated in Hawai- 
ian meles as the district of dark blue mountain tops and 
sweet-scented precipices. Here Paao landed. He decided 
to live in Kohala and build there a heiau, or temple, in 
honor of his idol Kukailimoku; and thus Paao became a 
Hawaiian. 

To this day the ruins of his heiau of Mookini are standing. 
The tradition is that to build its walls fifteen thousand 
men passed the stones from hand to hand from Niulii, 
nine miles away. When the walls were done, for twelve 
days men with white flags marched in front of a procession, 
around the island. Silence must be kept. Any fowl or 
animal not quiet the priests would offer in sacrifice. Paao 
and the chiefs remained in the temple for hours praying 
together with arms upraised. Paao acted as the high priest 
of Hawaii, one next to the king in rank, owning lands and 
exerting great influence. He offered human sacrifices, and 
went into the high tower covered with white tapa to receive 
special messages from the gods. 

But Hawaii was in need of a king. Its highest chief, ow- 
ing to his crimes, had been deposed. The last of an ancient 
family, he sought refuge on Maui, where his bones rest 
in [ao Valley, a royal burying ground of great honor. Sepa- 
rate kings ruled over the different islands at this period. 
The chiefs, supposed to be descended from the gods, had 


40 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


larger forms and better minds than the common people. 
They owned everything, and had all power. On this largest 
island of the group, the chiefs had married with the common 
people, who owned nothing and had no rights. Paao 
therefore thought none of them worthy to hold the position 
of king. Hence he undertook to cross again the great 
sea to Kahiki, twenty-three hundred miles away, to find 
there a new king for the island of Hawaii. At the southern 
point of Hawaii, called Kalai, ‘the Way,” he raised his mat 
sail in “the light that glanced on men and canoes,’ and 
shortly disappeared in the floating clouds over the dim horizon 
on his long voyage to the “Pillars of Kahiki.” 

For two hundred years after, Hawaiian mariners pushed 
out eagerly to the islands to the far south, anxious to travel 
to “the walls of heaven.” It was a time of bold expeditions 
with stirring adventures. Pacific explorers reached even the 
icy regions of the Antarctic. Kamapukai, “ Child-who-climbs- 
the-waves,” brought back word to Hawaii that he had 
found in Kahiki, Waiolaloa, Water-of-long-life. Many went 
there to bathe in it. Kaulu, Sea-slug, brought back the 
first bread-fruit tree, which he planted at Kualoa on Oahu, a 
city of refuge so sacred that in passing it all sails were 
lowered. One seafarer brought back the large drum made 
of a piece of hollowed coconut trunk. A Molokai voyager 
brought back a calabash, preserved to this day, from which 


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LATER VOYAGES 4] 


he sent the winds with whatever force and in whatever 
direction he chose. None of the voyagers, however, did 
as much for Hawaii as Paao, who went for a king. 


Drums made of Coconut Wood 


As his canoe floated near the beach of Tahiti, the wizard 
with him chanted this invitation to the chief chosen by 
Paao to be king of Hawaii : — 

“Here are the canoes; come on board; 


Come along, and dwell in Hawaii-with-the-green-back, 
A land that was found in the ocean, 


42 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


That rose up amidst the waves, 

’Midst the swamping breakers of Kanaloa, 

A white coral left dry in the ocean, 

That was caught by the hook of the fisherman. 
The canoes touch the shore; come on board, 
Sail away and possess the island, Hawaii.” 


Paao brought Pili back with him for king of Hawaii. 
And thus the strangers came to rule. He introduced the 
staffs tied with balls of black and white tapa as a sign of 
tabu, now in the Hawaiian coat of arms. During this 
time, as high priest, he made stricter tabus. It was tabu 
for women to eat with men, to enter the men’s eating house, 
to eat food that had touched the men’s calabashes. Their 
food had to be cooked separately. Turtle, pork, ‘bananas, 
coconuts, — all the best things to eat were tabu to women. 
During the four monthly tabus, canoes were tabu to them; 
work ceased. The penalty for any broken tabu was death. 

Ever after, Paao’s aumakuas, the aku and opelu that had 
helped him, were sacred in Hawaii. Paao tabued them by 
turns for six months at a time. The opelu he tabued from 
January until July. In July the head fisherman, dressed 
in white, paddled out to sea, with a net in his cance. The 
next day the opelu was free, and the aku, tabu. In this 
wise way Paao conserved the fish. 

After the time of Paao the Hawaiians held no intercourse 


LATER VOYAGES 43 


with the outside world for five hundred years. The meles 
give the names of seventy-four kings between Pili and Kame- 
hameha the Great, who was descended from him. The idol 
of Paao’s god Kukailimoku, Ku-to-take-the-islands, went 
before Kamehameha in all his conquering wars. Near the 
mountains at Pololu in Kohala is a spot of beautiful verdure, 
a field once cultivated by Paao. In such veneration was 
he held that after his death, no animal was allowed to graze 
there, nor man to cultivate it for hundreds of years. Kame- 
hameha’s high priest, the last high priest on the islands, 
Hewahewa, who gave up idolatry, and with a lighted torch 
set fire to his own heathen temple, was the direct descendant 
of this ancient high priest Paao. 


CHAPTER IV 
THE STORY OF UMI 


THE most famous Hawaiian name of early times is that 
of Umi. As long ago as the year 1500, the boy Umi lived 
humbly with his mother at Hamakua. She was a large, fine- 
looking woman, but he 
did not know that she 
was of royal descent, hav- 
ing one of the best pre- 
served genealogies on 
Hawaii. Alone in her 
low grass hut one day she 
brought from a_ hiding 
place a red tapa malo or 


loin cloth, a yellow lei of 
ae By tns the royal color, and a 
black necklace of almost 
countless fine braids of hair hung with a whale’s tooth orna- 
ment, worn by chiefs. For a long time she had kept all these 
hidden from Umi, but now he was old enough to know their 
secret. 


44 


THE STORY OF UMI 45 


She looked out proudly to watch him with a group of 
boys playing pahee, the favorite game of the district. 
As he stooped to throw the long, heavy dart, aiming between 
certain marks, she noted how broad and strong his back was, 
and as he straightened up again, how he towered above 
the other boys. He was now sixteen and almost a man 
grown. None of his companions had cast so skillfully as he. 
They next tried bowling. On ground that looked level, Umi 
drove his white maika stone a hundred rods, far beyond the 
other stones. He good-naturedly hooked fingers with the 
boys in trials of strength. No one could brace against his 
pushing. 

Then Umi’s mother called. As he ran to her, he remem- 
bered his idle oo left stuck in the taro patch, where he was 
not fond of working. His mother held in her hands the malo 
and the lei and the necklace. Umi saw them now for the 
first time. She told him that his father, the renowned King 
Liloa of Hawaii, had left them with her to give him to wear 
when he should be old enough to journey to the royal 
court. She said the time had come for him to go. 

“Present yourself to King Liloa, your father, at Waipio,”’ 
she urged him; “tell him that you are his son and show him 
as proof of it these presents which he left with me for you. 
Go down into Waipio Valley, and, when you have reached 
the foot of the pali, swim to the other side of the stream. 


46 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


You will see a house facing you. That is the royal dwelling 
of Liloa. Do not enter the gate, but climb over the fence; 
nor must you enter the house in the usual way, but through 
the king’s private door. If you see an old man with some 
one waving a kahili over him, that is your father, Liloa. 
Go up to him and sit down in his lap. When he asks who 
you are, tell him your name is Umi.” 

To stand in the shadow outside of the king’s inclosure, or to 
pass it wearing a lei, meant death. This Umi and his mother 
well knew. Evento remain standing at mention of the king’s 
name in song, or when his attendants passed with only his 
food, his drinking water, or his tapa clothing merited death ; 
much more to leap the fence of his inclosure, go through his 
private door, and enter his presence without his express per- 
mission, and then without crawling on hands and knees. 

Umi’s mother asked his comrade, Omaokamau, to go with 
him. Umi put on the malo, the lei, and the ivory ornament. 
As they were setting out they met a little boy, Piimaiwaa, 
whom Umi loved. When Piimaiwaa asked, “Whither are 
you going?” Umi answered, ‘To Waipio. Come along and 
be my aikane (very intimate friend), and live with me there.” 
So these three, who ever after remained comrades, journeyed 
together. 

At last they reached the verge of Waipio, the largest of 
Hawaiian valleys, celebrated in meles from earliest times as 


THE STORY OF UMI 47 


the residence of the kings of Hawaii. Lofty and steep 
cliffs formed either side of the valley. At the head beautiful 
waterfalls tumbled. Below them stretched one vast green 
garden of taro, bananas, and sugar cane, brightened by 
gleaming fish ponds and the winding stream. With diff- 
culty they climbed down the side, the haunt of the white 


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tropic bird and the big ruffled owl. Reaching the foot of 
the pali, they swam across the stream. On the other side 
they saw Liloa’s palace. 

“Tarry here,’ Umi said, “and wait for me. I will go 
in to Liloa. If in my going I am killed, you must return 
the way we came; but if I come back alive to you, we shall 
all live.” 

With the yellow feather lei upon his head he boldly advanced 
to the stockade of coconut branches around the sacred inclo- 


4S THE STORY OF HAWAII 


sure. He leaped the coconut fence into the tabu yard. (AR 
he touched the ground, on all-sides loud cries of “Death! 
death!” beat upon his ears. The king’s attendants, heralds, 
runners, bards, men to lomilomi, and others gave chase 
to him. Umi ran to the king’s house on a raised embank- 
ment of stones. He rushed in by the king’s private door. 
The king, wrapped in his royal cloak of yellow feathers, lay 
on his sleeping mats, a watcher waving a tall yellow kahili, 
or feathered staff, over him. Umi ran and leaped upon 
Liloa. Waking in surprise, Liloa threw him to the ground. 
“Who is it?” he called, for he recognized the red malo, 
the yellow lei, and the ivory ornament. 
“Tt is Umi, thy son,’’ Umi answered fearlessly. 
Overjoyed, the king embraced Umi, and sent for his two 
comrades. He ordered the drums to be beaten in honor of 
Umi, while he took him to the heiau to publicly acknowledge 
his newly found son. | 
After this Umi lived at the court of Liloa. He gave the 
strictest obedience to his father’s commands, and became a 
favorite with every one except his envious half brother 
Hakau. The sound of the drums and rejoicing had not 
pleased Hakau. He was the king’s eldest son, and jealous 
of arival. Hakau disliked Umi all the more because, when 
exercising with long spears, Umi’s party always came off 
victorious, making Hakau’s retreat in confusion. 


THE STORY OF UMI 49 


Before Liloa died, he called his two sons to him, and made 
Hakau king, and Umi next him in rank with the charge 
of his god. 

“You are the ruler of Hawaii,” he said to Hakau, ‘‘and 
Umi is your man.” 

No one ever spoke any good of cruel Hakau. He turned 
away the old and faithful followers of his father and gave 
their places to bad men. He showed no mercy in his de- 
mands on the chiefs and the people. Foolishly vain, he 
wished to be the handsomest man on Hawaii. If he saw any 
one who was unusually good-looking, he had his face fright- 
fully tattooed. Umihealwaysabused. At last Umi decided 
to leave quietly, with his two companions, and go else- 
where. 

They took the same path in leaving that they had 
taken in coming. After climbing out of the valley, they 
found a boy named Koi. Umi felt drawn to him, and asked 
him to come and live with him as his aikane. In Hamakua 
they did not visit with Umi’s mother. The four wandered 
still farther on, around the Hilo district to Laupahcehoe. 
~ Here they agreed among themselves to keep Umi’s name 
secret. The people received them kindly. The four boys 
helped them in their planting, their fishing, and their bird 
catching. Umi, older grown, delighted in using his strength 
to some real purpose. He worked hard now in the taro 


STORY OF HAWAII— 4 


50 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


patches. The fields that he cultivated at Laupahoehoe are 
pointed out to this day. 

Although the disappearance of Umi was the talk of all 
Hawaii, these people did not suspect who he really was. 
Nevertheless, though he worked with them, and raced at 
surf-riding with the young men, yet at sight of his hand- 
some, stately form, they often fell prostrate as they would 
before a chief. A priest of Laupahoehoe noticed how often 
rainbows stood on the cliff over his house. 

“Perhaps this is Umi,” he said to himself, ‘for the sign of 
the chief is over his dwelling.” 

When he discovered that this was indeed Hakau’s prettier: 
the priest took Umi and Omaokamau, Piimaiwaa, and Koi 
to live with him. Thereupon all the people of the neighbor- 
hood said : — 

“To, then, this man is a chief and his name is Umi, the 
son of Liloa. He is that one of whom we heard some time 
ago that he was lost.” 

Aided by the priest, who had great influence, Umi began 
gathering men from the villages, planning to overthrow the 
tyrant Hakau. The priest trained them in the art of war- 
fare. The three aikanes practiced so diligently that they 
became their chief’s greatest warriors, especially Piimaiwaa, 
whose left arm was as strong as his right. | 

Rumor of Umi’s plot reached Waipio. Two old men, 


THE STORY OF UMI 51 


formerly honored counselors of King Liloa, whom Hakau 
had dismissed, sent to the king, saying that they were hungry 
and wished food. 

“Go tell those two old men,”’ Hakau said to their messen- 
ger, ‘that they shall have neither poi nor fish nor awa.”’ 

The two old counselors at first sighed over their hard lot. 
Liloa had never refused them so. 

“We have heard,” then they said, “‘of the foster son of 
the priest of Laupahoehoe, of his great strength, his courage, 
his generosity. Let us go at once to Laupahoehoe and 
say to the priest that two old men desire to see this youth.”’ 

After a welcome had been promised them, they set forth. 
On arriving at the priest’s house, they found only a young 
man asleep ona mat. They entered and seated themselves, 
leaning against the wall of lauhala. 

“At last,” said they, “our bones are going to revive.” 
They roused the young man: — 

“We are two old men of Waipio come to see the foster 
son of this house.” 

The youth prepared and set before them a feast of a 
roasted pig, fish, and awa. After the repast they had a 
refreshing sleep. | 

‘Here in our old age,” they said to each other on waking, 
“we begin to have a taste of comfort.” 

Without, in the slanting sun of the late afternoon, the 


52 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


priest was returning at the head of a long procession. After 
the priest had greeted his old friends, he sat with them while 
the procession passed by in single file. The visitors scanned 
it earnestly. 

“Where is Umi? Is he that good-looking man there?” 
again and again they would ask, pointing. 

Each time the priest would shake his head. 

“Tf your foster son,” they said, “were as vigorous as the 
young fellow who has entertained us, we should live again.” 

The procession kept on passing until it was too dark to 
see the skin of one’s hand. Still the priest had not pointed 
out Umi. 

“Are we going to see your ward before dark?” the old 
men exclaimed. 

“You have already seen Umi,” the priest then told them ; 
‘he it was who served you so well.” __ 

That night the priest questioned his visitors upon the 
chances of war. The old men said that the procession of 
Umi’s forces, though large, was too small to combat success- 
fully with Hakau, who commanded the whole island. They 
planned together a stratagem. 

When the two old men returned to Waipio, they went at 
once to Hakau’s court. After they had obtained Hakau’s 
permission to crawl into his presence, they saw his hard 
eyes turn on them suspiciously. 


THE STORY OF UMI 53 


“Have you seen Umi?”’ he inquired. 

They told him boldly that they had. Then’ they ad- 
vised him in order to secure the favor of his god to send 
bird catchers into the mountains to get fresh feathers to 
cover the idol, as its covering was worn and neglected. He 
reminded the counselors that this was done only before war. 
They told him that Umi was collecting men to overthrow 
him. 

Hakau at once sent out heralds to give the call for all 
his men and retainers to prepare to go on an expedition to 
the mountains to obtain the rare feathers needed to cover 
his idol. On the day of a festival to Kane, 

“The men who climb the mountains 
Reaching up the bird-catching pole on lehua,”’ 
came with their poles sticky with gum, ready for the prayer 
and offering to the gods before starting. And they prayed: 
“Spirits of Darkness primeval, 
To me give divine power. 
Give great success. 
Climb to the wooded mountains, 
To the mountain ridges 
Gather all the birds, 
Bring them to my gum to be held fast ; 
Amen! the way is open.” 

The day of the festival to Kane was the very day agreed 

upon between the old men and Umi for the attack on Hakau. 


54 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


The last of Hakau’s bird catchers, wearing their short 
mountain’ cloaks of ti leaves, had disappeared in the 


early morning. As the sun grew warm, shadows of figures 


Hawaiian War Clubs 


carrying bundles on 
sticks fell across the 
eastern side of Wai- 
pio Valley. When 
the first of them 
reached the river, 
the last was still on 
the top of the cliff. 

Hakau sat alone 
in his house with the 
two old counselors. 

“Tent -er 
tabu?” he said. “I 
see people going 
about.” 

“Your men from 
Hamakua are com- 
ing,’ they replied. 
‘“‘They are bringing 


you some taro and potatoes wrapped in ti leaves.” 


As the procession drew nearer, Hakau remarked that five 


of the men carried nothing. The old men knew that these 


THE STORY OF UMI ay) 


were Umi, the priest, and Umi’s three friends, but they 
said : — 

“These must be the landlords under you.” 

“T wonder where I first saw that man in front of the 
procession,” Hakau mused. 

The procession of men came on, and surrounded Hakau. 
They drew forth stones that they had hidden in their 
bundles of ti leaves, and cast them with all their might at 
the king, until he lay dead, his cruel eyes closed under the 
heaped up stones. The sticks upon which they had carried 
the missiles they drove into the ground about the rocky 
tomb, to encircle what remained an unmourned grave. 

When the people returned from the mountains with their 
store of feathers, they rejoiced at the death of Hakau, and 
hailed Umi with open hearts. The priest who had _be- 
friended him, Umi rewarded with the highest office in the 
land, that of keeper of his war god, whom he had cherished 
and worshiped faithfully. The high priest immediately 
assumed his office, and turning to the new king and his men, 
cried out : — 


“() King, hearken unto me! 
I am standing in your presence 
And in the presence of your people. 
You have triumphed over poverty, 
And you are this day the great king of Hawai, 


With men living under you. 


56 THE STORY OF HAWAIL 


If you will rule wisely, 

Then you will rule forever. 

But if you should behave like your older brother, 
Then you will be despised. 

To refuse to take heed is death, 

To take heed is life.” 


At the close of this chant, the high priest said to Umi, 
“ Arise.’ Umi stood up. The high priest called to Omao- 
kamau, eight fathoms away, “Arise.” 

While the two were standing, he gave Omaokamau a spear 
used only for tests, and said to him: “Now, Omaokamau, 
use all your strength and throw this spear at the king’s 
heart.” 

The high priest was well aware that Omaokamau had 
ereat strength and was a famous spearsman. At the order 
Omaokamau poised the spear, and then cast it unerringly. 
Umi warded it off, and, while the spear still sang in its flight, 
snatched it by the handle, and held it. 

“©Q King, you have done well,” the high priest, much 
pleased, said in praise of Umi. “You have profited by my 
teaching. I will vouch that you will hold your kingdom. 
Your kingdom will never be taken from your hands. As 
you warded off the spear so successfully, so shall you ward 
off trouble from your kingdom, and you will reign undis- 
turbed until death overtakes you in old age. So shall your 


THE STORY OF UMI 57 


kingdom fall to your son, your grandson, your offspring 
until the very last of your blood.” 

In time Umi redivided the land. Kau, he gave to Omao- 
kamau; Hamakua, to Piimaiwaa; Kohala, to Koi. These 
three faithful friends and constant companions lived with 
him at the court. To his high priest he gave Hilo. The 
two old men he commanded to run as fast as they could 
without stopping in opposite directions, and called the place 
where each fell groaning the boundary of their land. 

Early in his reign Umi made a tour of Hawaii, during 
which all the great chiefs gave him glad homage. When he 
desired to choose a queen from Hawaii, however, the high 
priest counseled Umi to take a wife from some other land. 
He said a marriage with Piikea, the princess of Maui, 
would assure a lasting peace with that island. After the 
king and all the chiefs had agreed to this proposal, they 
sent Omaokamau to Maui to sue for the hand of the princess 
Piikea. 

When the people of Hana, where the Maui king then held 
court, saw Omaokamau’s canoe coming, they ran back and 
forth on the beach in excitement, for they thought this canoe 
was th. forerunner of a coming war. 

“T have come only on a journey of sightseeing,” said 
Omaokamau, to reassure them. 

He hastened to the king and princess. They gladly 


58 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


consented to Umi’s offer of marriage, and set a time for the 
princess to embark. 

On the evening of the same day that Omaokamau left 
Hana, he reached Hawaii, and ran his canoe up on the 
Waipio beach. He reported at once to Umi. 

“What does she look like?” questioned Umi. 

“She is very beautiful,” Omaokamau replied. “She is 
only a young girl, but her face is lovely to look upon. We 
have no woman in Hawaii to compare with her.” 

This made Umi so happy that he longed for the day of 
her arrival. In the meantime he ordered preparations for 
the wedding. 

Twenty days later Umi descried a large company of 
canoes in the channel. By the red on one cance, he knew 
that this was the royal company from Maui bringing the 
princess. Umi watched and waited. As they came nearer 
he made out his bride coming, escorted as became her high 
rank by four hundred canoes. The rowers in Piikea’s 
double canoe wore red tapa. She herself, bedecked with 
a dazzling feather mantle, with rare feather leis on her head, 
sat upon the middle platform, over which yellow feather 
cloaks gleamed. Above her stood the tabu sticks. On 
either side attendants held tall and stately red kahilis. 
In the canoes surrounding hers the musicians played on their 
instruments, and sang meles in her honor. As the canoe 


THE STORY OF UMI 59 


of the princess touched the beach, in front of it glowed a 
brilliant rainbow. When she landed, the rainbow rested out 
at sea, standing like a huge feather helmet. Omaokamau 
and Piimaiwaa hastened to the shore, and, carrying her to 
the land, conducted her with great ceremony to the house 
where Umi stood to receive her, robed in the royal feather 
helmet and a trailing yellow feather cloak. That evening, 
amid great rejoicing, the people from far and near celebrated 
the wedding with music and dancing. Umi and Piikea loved 
each other truly, and lived always in peace and happiness. 

One day Piikea was surprised to see her younger brother 
from Maui standing before her. He brought word that 
their father was dead, and their elder brother had ill-treated 
him. This elder brother was said to be the strongest man 
from Hawaii to Niihau. Piikea begged Umi to deliver her 
younger brother from this persecutor, and to make him king. 
Perhaps her wishes were Umi’s laws; perhaps Umi re- 
membered the hard time he had had with Hakau. He de- 
cided to prepare an expedition to invade Maui, and ordered 
Omaokamau, Piimaiwaa, and Koi to have a fleet of canoes 
hewn out and ready to sail in ten days. 

Messengers of war ran three hundred miles around Hawaii 
in eight days. They blew terrifying blasts on their conch 
shells, summoning all the chiefs and fighting men to battle. 
The din of the famous war trumpet Kiha-pu, the people said, 


60 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


fe 


was heard ten miles, from Waipio to Waimea. It was a 
huge conch shell brought from Tahaa, and overlaid with 
strings of teeth of conquered chiefs. Whenever it was 
blown, their cries were heard in the blasts. Any coward 
remaining behind after the war call had his ears slit, and 
was brought to camp with a rope tied around his body. 


War Canoes on an Expedition* 


Taking his bravest warriors, Umi himself, with his wife 
and her young brother, headed the expedition known as 
“the sailing of the numberless canoes.’ They landed at 


THE STORY OF UMI 61 


Hana, where the Maui king had set up a gigantic idol hold- 
ing a war club over the fort on Kauwiki Hill. He had left 
this fort in the command of a Hana chief, and gone himself 
to Waihee. Umi sent Omaokamau first to take the fort. 
When Omaokamau failed, he sent Koi. When Koi did not 
succeed, he sent Piimaiwaa. 

Piimaiwaa was the most noted soldier of Hawaii. It 
was said of him that he never failed to go up and meet his 
enemy. Piimaiwaa caught the sling stones in his hands, and 
hurled them back. After daring feats, he captured the 
fort and destroyed the idol. ‘‘ Many fed the eye of the spear 
that day.’”’ But when the fort was taken, the commander 
escaped. Piimaiwaa went in pursuit and overcame him on 
the eastern slope of Haleakala. From Hana, Umi’s army 
marched to Waihee. Here they fought a victorious battle 
in which the Maui king was slain. The generous Umi at 
once proclaimed Piikea’s younger brother king of Maui, and 
returned with his army to Hawaii. A paved road through 
the districts of Hana, Koolau, and Hamakua, on East Maui, 
made by Piikea’s younger brother, is still to be seen. 

On Umi’s return to Hawaii, he moved his court from 
Waipio to Kona, near the rich fishing grounds off its smooth 
coast. Here on a plateau between Hualalai and Maunaloa, 
where the different districts gathered with their tribute, 
seven piles of stones still stand, representing the six dis- 


G2 =. THE STORY OF HAWAII 


tricts and Umi’s court. He often made tours through his 
domains, making peace between chiefs, and encouraging 
industry and public work. He built heiaus, known by their 
hewn stones, found near Kailua. In South Kona, across 
an impassable field above the forest, he made a paved road, 
which is still good. 

As he grew old and the time of his death approached, 
Umi was much troubled concerning what would become of his 
bones. To have one’s bones used by enemies for fishhooks or 
for arrows to kill mice was considered the height of disgrace. 
It was said of a wicked king of Maui that his bones could not 
be hidden, and rattled in the sun. — 

Umi called his old friend Koi to him one day, and said 
that there was no possible way of hiding his bones unless 
Koi would go to another island, as though in disgrace, after 
Umi had taken back his lands, and on hearing of his 
death, would return secretly and take Umi's body away. 
Koi bade his dearly loved chief and aikane a last fare- 
well, and left for Molokai. On hearing of Umi’s death, 
he sailed back to Hawaii. He entered the palace when 
the guards were asleep. Leaving the body of a man re- 
sembling Umi in his place, he disappeared. Some say 
he hid the royal remains in the pali of Kahulaana, others 
say in a cave of Waipio at the top of the pali over which 
falls the cascade of Hiilawe. 


CHAPTER V 
EARLY SPANISH ARRIVALS 


“Bursting forth is the voice of the thunder ; 
Striking are the bolts of lightning: 


Approaching is the dark cloud. 


“Wildly comes the rain and the wind; 
Whirlwinds sweep over the earth. 
Rolling down are the rocks of the ravines. 
_ The red mountain streams are rushing to the sea. 


“Oh, the roaring surf of angry fury, 
The strong current, the roaring current, whirl away !”’ 

In the reign of Umi’s eldest son, while this kona, or 
southwesterly storm, raged as thus described in old 
meles, natives at Keeli descried the broken spars of a vessel 
rising and falling beyond the reef. An unknown craft 
was drifting toward the pounding breakers. Anxiously 
the natives watched it approach the white barrier of 
danger. They strained their eyes to make out who were 
on board in such peril. All at once the Hawaiians cried out 
in wonder! They had caught sight of some passengers hud- 
dled under an awning at the stern. Strange beings were 
coming. Their dress was extraordinary! Their skins were 

63 


64 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


white! The vessel rose on a wall of water. For a moment 
those on the beach had a glimpse of a large man with a sword 
at his side and a queer white ruff around his neck. He 
was bending over to shield a woman. The next instant the 
vessel was hurled on the rocks with a crash. Above the din 
of the storm rose a great cry, the cry of drowning people. 

Only two of the voyagers escaped the indrawing whirl of 
waters. These two buffeted vigorously with the breakers. 
At last, ocean-drenched and exhausted, they reached land. 
The tall white captain had saved his sister. For a long 
time the two knelt on the beach together in prayer. Hence 
the natives, watching these fair-skinned, strangely clothed 
people, called the place Kulou, to kneel. This captain and 
his sister were the first white people on these islands. 

The islanders led the forlorn castaways to their grass 
houses, and. entertained them with the kind hospitality 
of Hawaii. They asked the foreigners if they knew the 
food set before them. Afterward the natives showed 
them breadfruit, ohias, and bananas. The strangers ex- 
claimed with delight, pointing to the mountains as the 
place whence this fruit came. ‘The rain that knocks at 
the house” had ceased, and the wind had fallen. The 
sound of the ocean below came but faintly. The evening 
calm of earth joined the calm of the sea. 

As the white strangers learned to talk with the Hawaiians, 


EARLY SPANISH ARRIVALS | 65 


they told them of the outside world from which they had 
come, and about their voyage. They said their people, 
the Spanish, were the only white people that sailed the 
Pacific. The Catholic Pope had given this vast ocean with 
all its islands to Spain. One of their nation had first dis- 
covered it. Recently, on this side of the Pacific, the Spaniard 
Cortez had conquered Mexico, a land stored with gold. To 
protect the Spice Islands in the west Pacific, Cortez had 
fitted out their little squadron of three ships. The largest, 
the Florida carrying fifty men; the San Iago, forty-five; the 
Espirito Santo, fifteen. Cortez had given them thirty 
cannon. With Alvaro de Saavedra in command, they had 
voyaged westward together before the storm had overtaken 
them. One ship had sunk in mid-ocean. After that the 
gale had separated them from the flag ship Florida, forcing 
their craft to scud before it to Hawaii. 

The dark-eyed, fair-skinned strangers had little hope of 
ever seeing their far-away homes again. The Florida might 
have escaped, they said. In returning to Mexico, though, 
she would not be likely to touch at Hawaii. 

As the days passed, nothing tilted across the skyline but 
the brown mat sails of the Hawaiian canoes. The sturdy 
Spanish captain and his sister watched for white ones. At 
last they knew that they must grow old here in the mid- 
Pacific, on the shores of these unknown islands. 


STORY OF HAWAII— 95 


66 THE STORY OF HAWATI 


The natives treated these strangers with favor. The 
captain married into a family of high rank. One of the 
noblest characters among later Hawaiian chiefs traced his 
descent back to him. Their own people they never saw 
again, nor did they ever learn the fate of the Florida. Mak- 
ing the best of their lot, they lived their lives out courage- 
ously. After they had passed 
away, so great was the regard 
they had created, the Hawaiians 
made a large stone image of the 
captain, chiseling his braid of 
hair and the ruff around his neck. 


This was the Spanish mode of 
dress in the time of Cortez. The 


Fe, ’ 4 ae, ry 
4e ‘ 
ai , Oy Die side 
. Vie 
a 72) Y i 
” Wag 
2 


ay ee 
a) fq , 
ae 


idol was found on land in Kewalo 


Fr gp 


Te, 
Yh : 


near Honolulu. It stood for a 

Image of the Spanish Captain. Jong time at Kahuku ranch, and 
is now in the Berlin museum. A white cast of it, however, 
has been placed in the Bishop museum. 

Thirty years after the shipwreck at Keei, in 1555, Juan 
Gaetano, a Spanish pilot who had crossed the Pacific many 
times, saw five of these islands. Probably he went ashore. 
There exists, however, no definite Hawaiian tradition about 
it. The record of his discovery is in an ancient chart in the 
Spanish archives. Gaetano called Hawaii, La Mesa, the 


HKARLY SPANISH ARRIVALS 67 


table; Maui, La Desgraciada, the unfortunate; the three 
smaller islands, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe, Los Mojes, 
The Monks. The Spanish kept their discovery secret. 
In 1748, when English mariners sailed the Pacific and 
contested for their rights there, they found a copy of this 
chart. It was in the cabin of a Spanish galleon which they 
captured near the Philippines. On this chart Hawaii was 
placed in the right latitude, but ten degrees of longitude 
too far east. 

Hawaii, besides being incorrectly placed on the Spanish 
chart, lay out of the track of Spanish merchant ships then 
plying between Mexico and Manila. In going to Manila 
they took a southerly course, and in returning a northerly 
course to catch the westerly winds. They sang the Te 
Deum, a hymn of praise, for perils past on reaching floating 
seaweed off North America, and turned south again. Not 
till two hundred years after the Spanish captain and his 
sister had ended their days on the far-away islands, was 
the Hawaiian tradition of the white castaways connected 
with the commander’s report of the lost vessel and their 
fate known. Spanish fortune seekers had passed too far 
south and too far north to touch at Hawaii. | 


CHAPTER VI 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK 


A Scene on Kauai. From a drawing by Captain Cook’s artist 


Two hundred years had passed, and even the traditions 
about the Spanish castaways were almost forgotten, when 
at early dawn on Kauai some one looking out over Waimea 
Bay, called :— 

“Moving islands! Moving islands! The light shines 
on moving islands !”’ 7 

“Toahaha! Mai! Wikiwiki! —- Come ! Quick =the 
natives shouted to each other, hurrying from their sleeping 
mats. 

68 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK 69 


Infants wailed, and dogs yelped, as the astonished people 
trampled them under foot in their rush to the shore. War- 
riors ran past tottering old men and old women with wizened 
faces, nodding to long-drawn-out ejaculations of ‘auwe-e !” 
The stately queen, the mother of Kaumualii, attended by 
kahili bearers, came with the dignified chiefs in their bright 
feather helmets and capes. They too cried out with won- 
der at the sight. 

“What is this thing with branches?” some cried. 

“Tt is a forest which has slid down into the sea,’’ others 
shouted back. 

“Perhaps these are heiaus,” a few called, the tall masts 
with branches reminding them of the towers in their sacred 
inclosures. 

The harbor resounded with noise. So great was the 
gabble and the confusion, the queen and the chiefs became 
alarmed. They ordered two men to go out in a canoe with 
the high priest to examine these marvelous things, and 
bring back a report. 

When the canoemen drew near the large white forms, 
they saw attached on the outside more iron than they had 
ever dreamed of. The only iron on the islands, besides 
a little that had drifted ashore in fragments of wood, had 
been a hoop and two pieces of the blade of a sword which 
tradition said foreigners had left. After repeating long 


70 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


prayers, the three men ventured to climb up. Before them 
stood a god with white forehead and sparkling eyes. Down 
they fell on their faces. Lono had come back! Full of 
wonder, they received the gifts he gave them. 

Great was the rejoicing when the three returned laden 
with abundance of iron. 

“Truly this is Lono, with his heiau carried by the ocean 
current !’’ the chiefs now assented. 

On hearing about the iron, one chief ran for his canoe 
excitedly. 

“T will go and take plunder,”’ he called ; “for to plunder 
is my business.” 

The saying held that what was above, below the sea, 
on the mountains, and the iron that drifted ashore, belonged 
to the chief. This warrior believed therefore that he had 
a right to the iron on the moving islands. He paddled 
‘ out to carry it away. Climbing up, he began seizing pieces 
of iron and heaving them down into his boat. But Lona 
was greater than he, and spoke with thunder and fire. 
Death came. His terrified followers, seeing him fall, leaped 
into their canoes and fled to the shore with all the speed 
they could command. 

On hearing about the death of this warrior, the queen 
mother summoned a grave council of chiefs at her large 
grass house to decide what they had better do. Some 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK 71 


proposed seizing the moving islands and running them ashore 


to get the iron. 

“Let us not fight 
against our god,” the 
queen mother urged ; 
“let us please him 
that he may be fa- 
vorable to us.” 

Thereupon some 
proposed that they 
should give presents 
to Lono and the 
newcomers. They 
decided to send them 
tapa, vegetables, and 
pigs, the largest and 
most valuable ani- 
mals then on the 
islands. 

That afternoon, 
when the strange 
god started in a boat 
for the shore, the 


Kahilis 


beach near the mouth of the Waimea River was covered with 
a vast multitude of natives. Nota place wasempty. The 


72 THE STORY OF HAWATI 


moment Lono leaped on the sand, the islanders lay flat on the 
eround, until by making signs he prevailed upon them to rise. 
They brought offerings with a banana tree, and worshiped 


Offering Presents to Lono- 


him. Lono gave the natives presents. To the women he 
gave pieces of glass that mirrored their faces in a marvelous 
way! Heretofore their only looking glasses had been smooth 
circular disks of dark stone from the uplands of Mauna Kea, 
that they used under water. The natives helped the strangers 
fill their casks with fresh water and roll them to the boats. 


+ WHEN NOON 
AT LONDON 


Ka |Lae o Kawai 


Mi, 


2° Wl 
¢ AW rx 
LIN 


e NOMEM Ha? a 
Se) AE AN! i ny 
iY ane SN aN MI, 


DIN ISN 


Longitude 


, 


159° 40 


salitlliatig, 


Rhy 


§ 
NY 
ha Fi 


ane 


Sod 


a as 


SCALE OF MILES 


MAP OF 
FROM GOVERNMENT SURVEYS 
Scale, 32,500 ft.—One Inch 


1.21 A.sMe 
WHEN NOON 
AT LONDON 


io te OF THE « 3c oe 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK 73 


Eagerly the inhabitants gathered from all parts of the 
island to trade for iron. Besides vegetables, yam roots, 
bananas, salt, and pigs, they used the skins of the red iwipo- 
lena bird to barter for the invaluable metal. Even the 
choicest treasures they had, the elegant helmets and cloaks 
made of the rarest of yellow feathers, the chiefs brought 
forth. At first they refused to exchange these helmets and 
cloaks for anything but muskets. Finally they parted with 
them for large nails, which they twisted into fish hooks. 

Two days later, when towering breakers dashed on the 
shore during a kona storm, the moving islands slipped out 
to sea. They hovered off Niihau two weeks, and then 
sailed away, leaving melon, onion, and pumpkin seeds, 
and an English breed cf pigs, and three goats. War, 
however, broke out between two chiefs over the goats, 
during which the goats were killed. 

The Kauai chiefs dispatched messengers to Oahu and 
Maui to carry accounts of their visitors. 

“The men are white,’ they reported; ‘their skin is 
loose and folding. Fire and smoke issue from their mouths. 
They have openings in the sides of their bodies into which 
they thrust their hands, and draw out iron, beads, nails, 
and other treasures. Their speech is unintelligible. This 
is the way they speak: ‘A hikapalale, hikapalale, hioluai, 


aa g. 


oalaki, walawalaki, poha. 


7A THE STORY OF HAWAII 


As a choice gift, a Kauai chief sent the king of Oahu a 
piece of canvas that he had obtained from Lono. So ex- 
ceedingly rare was cloth that the queen wore it in a pro- 
cession, where it attracted great notice. 

When the high priest of Oahu heard of the arrival of these 
white people, he foretold the future. 

“These people are foreigners from Melemele, Uliuli, 
and from Keokeo,” he said; ‘“‘they will surely come and 
dwell in the land.” 

“At the end of the year, Captain Cook came back to lay 
in provisions, for he it was who had visited Kauai, on the float- 
ing islands. Since his first visit, he had been north as far as 
Alaska, where the ice fields had blocked his way. The Karl 
of Sandwich had sent Cook out from England in 1776 with 
a large exploring party. He commanded two armed ships, 
the Discovery, of three hundred tons, and the Resolution, 
manned by a crew of ninety-four. He had already been 
around the world twice when he discovered these islands, 
which he called the Sandwich Islands, in honor of his patron. 
This discovery, he wrote, seemed to him in many ways to 
be the most important that Europeans had made throughout 
the whole Pacific: On his return, Cook touched first at 
Maui, where Kalaniopuu, the aged king of Hawaii, was 
~ fighting Kahekili, the king of Maui. When the “islands,” 
with the strangers came into sight, the Maui people wel- 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK 75 


comed Cook as Lono, a great spirit, with wonderful beings 
from another world, arriving from across the sea. 
Kamehameha, Kalaniopuu’s nephew, who had returned 
from his first battle, came on board of one of the ships. 
Cook wrote that the 
young chief looked brave 
and resolute. He in- & 


vited Kamehameha to 
remain awhile. As the ships 
stood out to sea for the night, (ie 
a loud wailing came from the 
shore. Soon those on board 
saw something white approach- 
ing on the waves. Kamehameha 
recognized king Kalaniopuu’s swift- 
est sailing double canoe, paddled by 
picked oarsmen. Kalaniopuu, thinking Lono 
was carrying his favorite away, had sent his rs ane 
bravest canoemen in pursuit of the ships on the ocean, to 
bring Kamehameha back. Kamehameha, however, ex- 
plained to them that their fears were groundless, and that 
he wished to remain with the white captain over night. 
The paddlers, tired from fighting the waves, were glad also 
to remain on board until morning, while their canoe was 
towed astern. 


76 THE STORY. OF HAWAII 


After tacking against the wind for several weeks, Cook 
entered the harbor of Kealakekua, the Way-of-the-gods. 
Black lava outlined the coast, above which, on the right hand, 
a steep precipice overhung a village of three hundred grass 
houses, grouped, like haystacks, close to a coconut grove. 
As the ships dropped anchor midway in the harbor, fifteen 
thousand people crowded the bay in their canoes, shouting 
and tossing their arms to express their joy. The beach, the 
rocks, the tops of houses, the branches of trees, rang with 
the voices of the men, the women, and the children who 
covered them, shouting and screaming their astonishment 
and delight. Pigs squealing in the boats added to the tumul- 
tuous clamor. The natives, having heard from the men on 
Maui that these ships were hovering about the islands, had 
prepared to meet them with supplies and give them a friendly 
welcome. They climbed upon the decks, the sides, and the 
rigging of the vessels until so many on one side of the Das- 
covery at once made her heel considerably. Thereupon a 
tall, dignified chief gave an order. Instantly the people 
cleared the ships. After this a wizened little old priest with 
red eyes came forward, and worshiped Cook, making him 
a long prayer, and presenting him with an offering. 

That afternoon Cook and two of his officers landed with 
the little old priest. A young priest, carrying a tabu stick, 
went before Cook, and cleared the way through the vast 


THE DISCOVERY. BY COOK ie 


crowd by calling loudly that Lono was coming, and all 
must fall down at sight of him. The multitude fell pros- 
trate with their faces to the ground and their arms extended 
forward. Even those on the housetops and the rims of the 
adjacent hills hid theii faces until he had passed. The priest 
led Cook toward the heiau of Lono at Napoopoo. Cook 
walked rapidly, and as soon as he had gone by, those behind 
him were up again, in their haste trampling on the prostrate 
forms of those in front, who did not rise quickly enough to 
be out of the way. To avoid this inconvenience, at length 
the whole multitude of ten thousand people were running on 
all fours. But they fell back in fear as Cook approached 
the sacred inclosure of the heiau. This stretched beside a 
circle of coconut trees on the margin of a pond of water. 
A thick arbor of low, spreading hau trees grew beneath the 
walls of the heiau by the entrance, above which stood hideous 
idols. They had distorted faces and long pieces of carved 
wood upon their heads, while their bodies were wrapped 
inred tapa. A tall young priest with a long beard presented 
Cook to these idols. He covered Cook also with red tapa, 
and took him up into the sacred white tapa-covered tower, 
twenty feet high. Here the priests sacrificed to Cook, and 
gave him divine honors, the chiefs at certain intervals call- 
ing out in stentorian voices a kind of “‘amen.”’ 

When Cook returned, the same young priest: with a tabu 


78 | THE STORY OF HAWAII 


stick stood up in the boat. The natives ceased paddling, 
and fell on their faces until Cook’s boat had passed. This 
young priest attended Cook wherever he went. Cook ar- 
ranged to have a station ashore at one side of the heiau 
where his astronomers set up two telescopes to take’ ob- 
servations. The natives, having heard what terrible things 
euns could do, were at first apprehensive of danger from 
these telescopes that stood in an elevated position. 

A week later, Kalaniopuu, the king, returned from Maui. 
At about noon, he set out in state to the ships. Three large 
and beautiful 
double canoes, 
sixty and seventy 
feet in length, 
carried his com- 
pany and_ his 
presents. Heand 
his chiefs, hold- 
ing long spears, 
sat in the first, 
arrayed in their 


rich yellow and 


The King going to visit Cook 


red feather cloaks 
and helmets. In the second came the little bent old priest 
and his brother priest, with gigantic idols on red tapa. The 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK : 79 


idols, of wickerwork covered with red feathers, stared from 
startling eyes of large pearl oyster shells, with black kukui 
nuts in the center, and grinned with two rows of shark’s 
teeth. The third canoe held pigs and vegetables as offerings. 
While they paddled, the priests in the center canoe chanted 
hymns. When the king met Cook, he took the elegant yel- 
low feather cloak that he himself wore and eracefully threw 
it over Cook’s shoulders, and placed his helmet on Cook’s 
head. He also spread six exceedingly beautiful cloaks of 
great value at his feet. The king’s attendants brought sugar 
cane, coconuts, breadfruit, and four large pigs. Kalaniopuu 
exchanged names with Cook. This, throughout the islands 
of the Pacific, was considered the strongest pledge of friend- 
ship. The priests came in procession, and performed reli- 
gious ceremonies. In return for the king’s gifts, Cook pre- 
sented him with a linen shirt and a cutlass. During this 
visit, the bay was tabu: no boats, save the king’s, left the 
shore; the people stayed in their houses or lay flat on the 
ground. That afternoon the king entertained the ship’s 
company with boxing and wrestling matches, held on a course 
kept smooth and clean for games, that was skirted with 
trees in the center of the village. 

As soon as it was dark the next evening, Cook, in return, 
landed on the beach, where preparations had been made for 
a promised exhibition of fireworks. The natives in their 


SO THE STORY OF HAWAII 


canoes filled the bay. Some of them had been waiting since 
morning to see the new sight. Some who had grown tired 
and begun to lose faith were inclined to jeer. When every- 
thing was ready and the people were as quiet as night, | 
Cook ordered a sky rocket set off. With a loud report it 
shot up like magic. The aged Kalaniopuu and the chief- 
esses sitting near him had to be held in their places. The 
host of people fled! Some of them took to the water. The 
majority in their alarm hurried to the hills. As soon as the 
rocket had disappeared, however, the king’s fright was over. 
He rose and called after the rearmost of his subjects to re- 
turn, and then sent for the rest. 

“Tono commands the thunder and the lightning !”’ the 
amazed people cried out in wonder. | 

To supply Lono and his men bountifully with provisions, 
the chiefs taxed the common people to the uttermest. The 
natives thought Lono’s company must have come from a 
land where food was scarce. When the sailors grew fat 
after two weeks of their providing, the islanders, fearing a 
famine, hinted that it was time for their visitors to go, say- 
ing that they had better come again at the next breadfruit 
season. The burial ashore of one of the sailors strained the 
faith of the natives in these gods. When Cook offered 
their old priest two iron hatchets in exchange for the fence 
around his heiau at Napoopoo, for firewood, the aged priest 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK Sl 


refused the hatchets three times indignantly. Filled with 
resentment, the natives witnessed the rude strangers tearing 
their sacred fence to pieces and heaving down the images. 


A Heiau 


\ 


At the ccmmand cf the chiefs, nevertheless, they brought 
an immense farewell present for Lono, one that surpassed 
all the others, — tapa and focd enough to last his company 
for six months. With little regret the natives saw the day 
of departure arrive. 

One of the white men, it is true, they had grown to love, — 


STORY OF HAWAIL—6 


82 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Lieutenant King, who had had command of the party on 
shore. He had shown the natives nothing but kindness. 
A young officer by the name of Vancouver, then aboard 
Cook’s ship, they would learn to know and honor later. 
They believed Lieutenant King to be Lono’s son, and 
crowded around him on the beach, begging him to stay, and 
lamenting for him only. 

A few days later the Hawaiians saw the ships coming 
back. All was quiet. Not a boat went out to meet them. 
Not a native bid the crew welcome. The priests helped 
the sailors mend the broken foremast, which had caused 
their return, but they expressed no pleasure at seeing them 
again. 

One afternoon some natives who had gone out to the 
ships in a canoe diverted the attention of the guards, while 
one of their companions went on board, and boldly snatched 
a pair of tongs and a chisel. Mounting the gangway rail 
thereafter, he threw himself and his booty with one leap 
into the canoe ; then taking up his paddle, he joined the others 
in arace to the shore. Too late musket shots rang out from 
the ships. The marines followed in boats, but the natives 
had landed ahead of them, and fled inland. The marines 
gave chase; a long and useless chase it was, for as often as 
they asked the way of the people they passed, the natives 
pointed in the wrong direction to mislead them. The head 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK 83 


chief, who had been aboard at the time, promised to restore 
the stolen articles. When the marines, however, tried to 
carry off his canoe, the same used by the thieves, he ob- 
jected. With a blow on the head, they knocked him down. 
Seeing their chief fall, the natives gathered around him in 
a fierce crowd. They pelted the marines with stones, un- 
til, as the marines were unarmed, they forced them to retreat 
and swim off to a rock some distance from the shore. The 
riot lasted until the chief, recovering, stopped it. True to 
his promise, he procured the tongs and the chisel, and had 
them restored. 

The next night the natives stole again, this time a large 
cutter, which they broke up for the iron in it. Cook decided 
to entrap the old king, and keep him prisoner until the cutter 
was returned. He puta blockade on the bay, and stationed 
armed boats from the Discovery at equal distances across the 
entrance of the harbor to prevent any communication with 
other parts of the island. He then went ashore in his pin- 
nace with six private marines, a corporal, a sergeant, and 
two lieutenants, followed by a launch and one large cutter 
with other marines and a smaller cutter with only the crew 
on board. Cook landed at nine o’clock in the morning, and 
went to Kalaniopuu’s: house by a roundabout route not to 
excite suspicion. Excepting the queen and a few high 
chiefesses, the women and the children had all gone to the 


84 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


hills. A strange quiet prevailed everywhere; only occa- 
sionally did the English captain see any men. 

Before Cook had talked with Kalaniopuu ten minutes, 
Hawaiians had come forth from their hiding places — three 
or four thousand of them—and were standing near their 
king. As the trembling old man advanced down the beach, 
shots blazed on the water. Two chiefs in a canoe, robed in 
royal feather cloaks and carrying spears, knowing nothing of 
the blockade, had tried to enter the harbor. The shots from 
the boats had killed one of them. Kekuhaupio, the chief 
who escaped, seeing the king about to step into Cook’s 
pinnace, called out, ‘“‘O Divine One! The sea is not right! 
Return to the house !”’ 

The queen, who heard the warning, ran from her house 
and threw her arms around the old king to hold him back, 
entreating him with tears not to go. A warrior chief, with 
spear in hand, rushed at Cook, saying Cook had killed his 
brother, and he would have revenge. Cook fired at him with 
birdshot to intimidate him, but the warrior, holding up his 
mat, and finding that the shot did not go through, rushed 
at Cook again. This time Cook fired a ball and killed him. — 
Instead of retiring after the shot, the intrepid islanders with 
shouts broke in upon the soldiers. The marines, waiting 
in the boats for Cook, began firing. In the battle that 
followed shots answered spear thrusts. Cook turned and 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK SO 


waved his hat to the marines to pull ashore. At this mo- 
ment another warrior, carrying one of the daggers that Cook 
had bartered with the Hawaiians, came up behind him. 

“T do not believe heis a god,” he muttered. “I will prick 
him with my dagger. If he cries out, I shall know he is 
not.” 

Cook gave a great cry and fell. The warrior had killed 
him. ‘‘He groaned,” the natives exclaimed; “‘he is not a 
god.” 

The lieutenant who had been with Cook, being a good 
swordsman, killed the chief who had stabbed his captain. 
Although attacked by all the native forces, he defended him- 
self until they were awed by his achievements. At last, 
wounded and faint from loss of blood, he plunged into the 
water and swam to the boats. Besides Cook, the English 
had lost a corporal and three marines. The ships at once 
bombarded the shore, killing seventeen natives, whereupon 
many of the islanders fled to the hills. 

Later on, Lieutenant King and the lieutenant who had 
fought beside Cook went ashore again with three armed 
boats. The natives began to shower stones at them with 
their slings until Lieutenant King, leaving the others behind, 
went on in a small boat alone with a white flag in his hand. 
A cry of joy came from the natives. They sat down on the 
beach, extending their arms, and inviting King to come 


86 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


ashore. He demanded the bodies of the English dead, but . 
waited an hour for them in vain. 

At about eight o’clock, the people on the Resolution heard, 
through the darkness, a canoe paddling toward them. The 
sentinels on deck fired into it. Two persons in the canoe 
immediately shouted, ‘“‘Tinnee; Tinnee !” their name for 
Lieutenant King, and said they were friends. As soon as 
they came on board, they fell at Lieutenant King’s feet, 
frightened. They were two friendly priests. One of them 
was the young man who had always gone before Cook with 
the tabu stick. The other carried under his arm something 
wrapped in tapa. After lamenting with tears the loss of 
Lono, they presented the bundle, which contained part of 
Cook’s body. The king and the priests had taken Cook’s 
body to the top of the precipice over the bay, where after 
having the bones separated from the flesh, they had honored — 
them as those of the god Lono. 

‘When will Lono come again?” they asked with great 
earnestness; ‘and what will he do to us on his return?” 

The next day two boys with spears swam out to the ships, 
and sang, in the water, a long lament about Lono; then, 
leaving their spears on the ships, they swam ashore. 

Lieutenant King sent word that the vessels would not 
leave until the natives had given him Cook’s bones. An- 
cvered at the delay, the marines cruelly fired more shot ashore, 


THE DISCOVERY BY COOK 87 


and set the whole village of Napoopoo on fire. Smoke 
rose from more than a thousand burning houses, while loud 
wailing sounded from the beach over the bodies of the dead. 

At last the king appeared in a feather mantle, leading a 
procession. They carried a part of Cook’s bones that the 
priests had wrapped 
in new tapa, and a 
feather cloak of black 
and white. Some of °°.’ 
Cook’s bones were 
kept in a basket of 
wickerwork covered 


with red feathers, in bitin iiiate EI cee 3 
a SBE 
a temple of Lono, to er es 


Cook’s Monument at Kaawaloa. 


be borne around the 
island every year. ‘They rest now probably in a secret cave. 
The king spoke with great sorrow of the death of Lono. 
He watched the Englishmen bury Cook’s remains in the 
deep with military honors. The natives collected on the 
shore of Kealakekua Bay in great numbers to view the last 
of the ships. 

In later years Englishmen raised a monument at Kaawaloa 
in memory of the great discoverer who opened these islands 
to the outside world. 


CHAPTER VII 
KAMEHAMEHA 


1. The Chief Kamehameha 


ON a black, stormy night in November, while the fierce 
chiefs, after gathering their armies, sat under a lanai in 
Ainakea, Kohala, planning a war with Maui, the shadowy 
form of a man slunk away from a grass house close to the 
lanai, bearing a tiny roll of tapa. In it he was carrying off 
to a hiding place a wee babe that he had just taken from | 
its mother. For an instant, above the noise of blustering 
winds and creaking branches, rose its shrill, muffled cry, 
and then was silenced, like a flickering light put out. 

During the kona storm, heavy surf and thunder boomed 
through the night, heralding, as every Hawaiian knew, the 
birth of a great chief. Excited clatter filled the morning 
when it was known that the newborn babe, belonging to the 
line of Umi, believed to be descended through Maui from 
the gods, had been stolen. ; 

“This child will become a mighty warrior, a rebel chief 
who will make slaughter of other chiefs,” the soothsayers 
had given prophecy. 

388 


KAMEHAMEHA 89 


“Nip off the bud of the wauke plant while young, lest it 
grow and spread far and wide,’ Alapainui, the king, had 
commanded, fearful of losing the position that he had gained 
by war. 

Now, while the poor mother wailed, filled with dread fcr 
the life of her firstborn, the king’s executioner searched hut 
after hut for the missing child. 

At last in Awini, north of Waipio, he came to a cave in 
the great pali hulaana, a precipice coming down to the sea 
so that no one could pass it by land. Here the swift royal 
runner to whom the mother had intrusted her precious 
babe had sped with it, as she had told him, and given it 
into the kind hands of her second cousin, a high chiefess of 
Kohala. The executioner, looking in at the entrance of 
the cave, saw the chiefess and her mother sitting beside a 
bundle of olona fiber, quietly weaving baskets. 

“Have you not seen a man running by just now?” he 
called out. 

“No,” answered the chiefess; and the executioner passed 
on. 

After he had gone, the chiefess knelt and tenderly took 
the covering of olona off the baby. She lifted the royal 
infant in her arms, while her mother, believed to have power 
with the gods, stood up in front of the cave and prayed to 
them to let “the red rain and the cloud form kunohu”’ and 


90 THE STORY OF HAWAII. 


the rainbow return to Ainakea and stand over the prince’s 
birthplace, instead of above the cave, lest by these signs that 
followed a high chief, the king’s kahunas should be led to 
the place of concealment. She gave the child in hiding the 
name of Kamehameha, the Lonely-One. She and her 
daughter carefully tended it day and night, until the babe 
had grown large and sturdy. Then the Kohala chiefess 
took Kamehameha back to Ainakea. The chiefs there, 
seeing her devotion to the baby, supposed it to be her own, 
not knowing that this was the little prince. Kamehameha’s 
father, holding the recovered child close in his arms, carried 
it to the temple. There he made offerings to the four great 
gods, that they might grant his little son long life and pros- 
perity. 

On Kamehameha’s fifth birthday, when the decree threat- 
ening his life was a thing of the past, the father came to the 
mother’s house to take him away. Although she was a 
chiefess of high tabu rank, her boy was never to sleep near 
her or eat with her again. Henceforth he would live in the 
men’s house at the king’s court, and eat the food tabu to 
women. The little fellow held tight to his father’s hand as 
he tried to keep up with his long strides. Outside a hedge 
of green ti plants surrounding a heiau, they passed through 
a dense mass of people. Entering the heiau, they stood 
before the idol of Lono, that towered far above even the 


KAMEHAMEHA 9] 


father. Little Kamehameha, looking up, saw a pole with a 
head carved at the top, and white tapa hanging froma cross- 
piece. On this crosspiece, which was strung with feather 
leis, perched a stuffed sea bird. Fascinated, the boy chief 
watched this bird, while his father made offerings of bananas 
and coconuts, and, holding a calabash of awa, recited a long 
prayer. After they came out, the people who had waited 
talked about what kind of man Kamehameha would grow 
to be, and feasted in his honor. 

-_ As Kamehameha was a little alii, chief, he must have his 
own way in everything. If a canoe hindered him on the 
water, it must be overturned. One stealing anything that 
belonged to him might be bound hand and foot, put in 
an old canoe, and left to float out to sea. <A retinue waited 
on him, and kahili bearers ran after the little child wherever 
he trotted. He swam in the ocean, swung on a long cord 
tied to the top of a tall coconut tree, played games like cat’s- 
cradle with a string, walked on stilts, tossed and caught peb- | 
bles called kimo, spun tops made of little gourds, and flew 
large kites that pulled so hard that he tied the strings to 
trees. 

When the boy chief was twelve years old, the sudden 
death of his father made Kamehameha’s uncle, Kalaniopuu, 
suspect that Alapainui, the king, had secretly poisoned him. 
He became alarmed for Kamehameha’s safety, and resolved 


92 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


to withdraw him from the king’s court. Planning for his 
rescue, he sent a boat ahead, and set out by land with a few 
trusty followers to snatch the boy from the king’s grasp. 
The other chiefs at court opposed him. During the struggle 
that followed, the king’s party forced Kalaniopuu to take 
flight in his war canoe without the young prince. Soon 
after, by reason of Alapainui’s death, Kalaniopuu became 
the rightful ruler ; he adopted the fatherless boy, and cared 
for him as his own son. 

As Kamehameha grew older, Kalaniopuu gave him the 
training of a chieftain of rank. He practiced stone-throw- 
ing, the use of the javelin, and various kinds of spear exer- 
cises. With a sling stone whirled on human hair or coconut 
fiber, his teachers could strike four times out of five a small 
stick fifty yards away. Kamehameha’s teacher of military 
tactics, Kekuhaupio, the most noted chief on the islands in 
the art of spear-throwing, was a hero of many battles, He 
had been in the canoe fired on by Cook’s orders at 
Kealakekua Bay. Kekuhaupio became one of Kameha- 
meha’s stanchest friends. The young prince grew to be 
very tall. He used the right of chiefs only, to wear the red 
feather cloak and helmet, a whale’s tooth ornament on a neck- 
lace of hair, and to have his canoe and its sails painted red. 

In 1778 Kamehameha crossed the channel from Hawaii 
to Maui with the king’s army, the heads of whose spears 


KAMEHAMEHA 93 


made a forest of trees over the water. In the first battle 
Kamehameha distinguished himself as a courageous leadér ; 
and at the time of Cook’s arrival he was well known as 


f(g S ~~ oo 
! ' 
ir ‘ti Mabe f rey. 
| hl Vytpeyg? de NM) 
Hl Ny fay) gy ~ 
Meth d/ Wy A Uf . Sy 
oe mt... 
SOR ee Beh 


Jy 
/ 


Hawaiian Sling and Sling Stones 


a brave and skillful warrior. The report had gone out 
after the battle, ‘There is one chief of Hawaii, an aikane, 
a very intimate friend of the king Kalaniopuu. Kame- 
hameha is his name. That man is a mighty warrior, 
stout of heart and brave.” 


94 THE STORY OF HAWAIL 


In an engagement at Kaupo, Kamehameha had seen his 
old teacher, when trying to turn back the soldiers in flight, 
fall entangled in a vine. Knowing the deadly peril Keku- 
haupio was in, Kamehameha had fought hard to reach his 
side. At the moment that the enemy were upon 
Kekuhaupio, ready to strike, Kamehameha had come to 
his aid, and rescued him. 

For a long time Kalaniopuu had contended unsuccessfully 
with Kahekili, a cruel king of the district of Hana in Maui. 
After Kalaniopuu had spent a whole year in preparing his 
army he sailed for Maui with six battalions, one from each 
district of Hawaii. At Maalaea Bay he sent forward his 
favorite regiment, the Alapa. 

They started on their journey, calling out, ““We go to- 
day to drink the water of the Wailuku River.” 

This company of eight hundred chiefs, all of the same 
height, with spears of the same length, in feather cloaks and 
helmets of yellow and red, went up, according to the old 
chronicles, like a creat rainbow-colored cloud spreading out 
among the sand hills. No regiment ever looked more splen- 
did. But they marched to their death. Behind the sand 
hills near Wailuku, the men from Oahu under their young 
king, joined with those of Maui, lay in wait, hopelessly 
outnumbering the Alapa. | 

“The fish have come. Draw the net with the fine 


KAMEHAMEHA 95 


meshes!” the high priest from Oahu called to his king at 
sight of them. 

Then the stone slingers, who could hit a stalk of erass, 
did their work. For a while it was a battle of stones against 
spears. No regiment ever fought more courageously than 
the Alapa; without thought of retreat, they all fell facing 
their foes. 

Filled with grief and rage at the loss of the Alapa, Kalani- 
opuu the next day marched on Wailuku with his entire 
army. At the close of a desperate battle fought all day 
long, Kahekili drove the army of Hawaii back. 

After this defeat, Kalaniopuu sent his own son Kiwalao to 
Kahekili, carrying ti branches, as a sign of truce. The boy’s 
mother was Kahekili’s sister. Two chiefs accompanied him, 
bearing the royal tokens of his high rank. All the warriors 
lay down as the tabu prince passed. Kiwalao found 
Kahekili, a very stout man, reclining on a mat with a 
fierce dog watching beside him. Half of his body from 
head to foot was tattooed black. As the young prince 
came toward him, Kahekili turned his cold, crafty face up- 
ward. “Downward the face’ would have meant instant 
death to the boy. 

“There is no death. Live!” said the king. 

As his nephew sat in his lap, he ordered fish and taro 
from his own royal preserves sent to his sister at Kipei. 


96 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


The highest chiefs of both parties then wove a wreath of 
the sweet-scented maile leaves, and put it in the temple 
as a peace offering. | 

To publicly make this son Kiwalao heir to his kingdom, 
Kalaniopuu, before his death, called all the high chiefs and 
noted priests of the island cf Hawaii to the famous valley of 
Waipio. When they had gathered there, he commanded 
his son Kiwalao and his nephew Kamehameha to stand up 
before them. Kiwalao he proclaimed the ruling chief, to 
whom should come all the whalebone and the ivory cast on 
the shore, the property of the ruler. Kamehameha he made 
keeper of the war god Kukailimoku, Ku-to-take-the-islands. 
He called them brothers, and charged them, “The one shall 
not be over the other for evil.” 

Soon after, on a very tabu day, while all the country 
around the heiau was being kept in‘absolute silence, Kiwalao 
was about to make the war god a human offering, when 
Kamehameha boldly stepped forward, and brushing the 
king’s son aside put the body on the altar, uttered the prayer, 
and lifted the tabu himself. 

“Defiance! An act of rebellion!’’ buzzed the excited 
court circle. 

“No, he is not a rebel,” a few claimed; “the two chiefs 
are brothers, and Kalaniopuu gave Kamehameha the right 
to sacrifice.”’ 


1.36 A.Me 1642 AM. 


Lis Spa i Longitude 155°40’ West from 155°20’ Greenwich 155 0’ EE eOOR 


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MAP OF HAWAII 


CoMPILED BY W, A. WALL 
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KAMEHAMEHA 97 


Kalaniopuu, the aged king, called Kamehameha into a 
house, in order to hide him from the enraged chiefs. 

“O my child,” he said, “‘I have heard the complaints and 
murmurs of the chiefs, and know their desire to: destroy 
you. If I should die, they would kill you. I think you 


- A Surf Rider 


should go to Kohala. You understand my command about 
your god. Care for it. There lies your treasure.”’ 

For over two years Kamehameha lived in Kohala, but 
not in idleness. One of the first chiefs to show the dignity 
of labor, he hollowed canoes with tools of bone and shell, 
fished with mother-of-pearl hooks, and with an 00, a sharp- 
ened stick, planted taro and cultivated his lands. Some 
of his work is shown to-day: several groves of noni trees 


STORY OF HAWAII— 7 


98 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


at Halau that Kamehameha planted before his beard was 
grown; a fish pond at Kiholo, a canoe landing there; and 
a tunnel in a ridge at Niulii for a water course, incomplete, 
because he had no powder to blast through the rock. 

Kamehameha excelled in his favorite sport of surf riding. 
One day, when he and his brother were scudding in front 
of the white breakers, he was surprised to see his military 
teacher, Kekuhaupio, the veteran warrior, approaching 
in a canoe. Dripping, he hurried to give him welcome at 
his house. 

After the old teacher had saluted Kamehameha with 
strange homage, he gently reproved him for pursuing pleas- 
ure at such an unsettled time. ‘You should be bearing a 
hand in the affairs of Hawaii,” Kekuhaupio chided. 

He then told Kamehameha that the old king had passed 
away, leaving the government in the weak control of Ki- 
walao. He said the Kona chiefs, who had sent him to 
Kamehameha on a secret mission, dared not go to the 
burial ceremonies at the Hale o Keawe, House of Keawe, a 
sacred place where Kalaniopuu had requested Kiwalao to 
deposit his bones. The weak king’s haughty, grasping uncle 
so ruled him that they feared they would lose their lands. 

“Tf the new king makes a good division of the lands,” 
he stated impressively, ‘‘quiet will prevail. It not,’ — 
pausing, the old warrior looked hard at his former pupil, — 


KAMEHAMEHA 99 


“the country will belong to the strongest.’’ He lowered his 
voice, and his eyes sparkled as he announced, “The four 
great Kona chiefs, who can each muster a thousand spears 


KS 


Coe 
> 


: — 


~ 


Hale o Keawe 


in battle, looking for a man they can trust as their leader 
and king, have chosen you !” 

“Your words are good,’’ Kamehameha answered, at last 
fully aroused. ‘Let us go to Kona at once. Let us pay 
our respects to the late king, and learn what Kiwalao in- 
tends to do.’”’ Straightway he gathered his forces to leave. 


100 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


When Kamehameha arrived in Kona, Kiwalao.came with 
his followers to call on him. , 

“Where do you stand?” he questioned Kamehameha. 
“Were is our uncle pushing us on to fight. Alas! we two 
may die!” 

“To-morrow we both will attend the burial ceremonies 
for the king,’’ Kamehameha answered, evading the subject, 
and proceeding to talk of other things. 

The next day, after the wailing over the dead at Honaunau, 
mild Kiwalao stood on a platform by the House of Keawe, 
and announced to the assembled throng his father’s will. 
He would have the government of Hawaii and the title of 
moi, or king. Kamehameha would have the charge of the 
war god, — the second place in the kingdom. 

“Strange, very strange!’ murmured the dissatisfied 
Kona chiefs. ‘Now we shall be made poor, and the Hilo 
and Kau chiefs rich; for the king is of their party. War 
would be better, decidedly better.”’ 

- Kamehameha, returning in a canoe at dusk, with the Kona 
chiefs, bent his head in silence, listening unwillingly while 
they urged war. His old military teacher proposed that he 
go back with him and talk with Kiwalao. After nightfall 
their attendants paddled them across the starlit bay. On 
entering Kiwalao’s house at Honaunau, they found guests 
and saw preparations going on for an awa party. 


KAMEHAMEHA 101 


“Pass Kamehameha some awa root,’ Kekuhaupio said 
to Kiwalao, “that he may prepare you a drink.” 

After making the beverage, Kamehameha handed it in 
a cup of coconut shell to the king. Kiwalao, turning, passed 
it untasted to the one sitting next him. As this man raised 
the brown cup to his lips, the aged teacher indignantly 
dashed it from his hands. 

“You are in fault, O king!” he cried out to Kiwalao; 
“your cousin does not prepare awa for such people, but only 
for the king!’’ and he pushed Kamehameha toward the 
door. Affronted, Kekuhaupio and Kamehameha left the 
house. 

The day that the king redivided the lands, the great 
Kona chiefs stayed at home. The king’s uncle made the 
division, and took the largest share for himself and _ his 
party. Toward the end of the meeting, the king’s impetu- 
ous brother Keoua arrived, and asked for several lands 
already taken by the grasping uncle. 

‘““Am I to have no share?” exclaimed Keoua, angrily. 

“You are no worse off than I am in this new division,” 
the king answered mildly. ‘We shall have to be content. 
The lands are in the hands of our uncle.” 

Keoua, on returning to his domain, ordered his warriors to 
don their cloaks and helmets and follow him fully armed. 
It mattered not on whom he vented his wrath! In Kame- 


102 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


hameha’s district they cut down coconut trees, a significant 
challenge to war. Next, at Keel, they slew some of Kame- 
hameha’s men who were in bathing.. The inoffensive Ki- 
walao now felt obliged to join with his brother Keoua in 


City of Refuge in Honaunau 


openly declaring war on Kamehameha. | The chiefs of Hilo, 
Puna, and Kau stood with Kiwalao. Those of Kona, Ko- 
hala, and Hamakua stood with Kamehameha. Women 
and children of both parties streamed past the white tabu 
flags raised on tall spears at the entrance to the City of 
Refuge in Honaunau. Here within the seven acres of tabu 


KAMEHAMEHA 103 


ground, they were protected by massive stone walls, twelve 
feet thick. 

Day and night the gates stood wide open for any one to 
enter and be safe from the avenger of blood. 

The din of Umi’s kiha-pu, prized by Kamehameha as 
much as his war god, sounded to battle. Women as well 
as men poured out from the villages to the black open lava 
plain of Mokuohai. With coconut boughs and ti leaves 
they erected a camp of small huts. The day of battle ar- 
rived. Kamehameha’s army was drawn up in the form of 
a crescent. ‘Toward the middle stood the commoners carry- 
ing long spears, often so long and heavy that two men bore 
one between them. The men with sling stones and with 
javelins stood along the outer lines. Some of them had their 
heads bound with folds of tapa. Kamehameha’s strongest 
division, a division of chiefs, called the shoulder, that al- 
ways surrounded the tall commander, stood in the center, 
glorious in bright feather cloaks and helmets. 

Before the conflict, Kamehameha had gone into the heiau 
to inquire of the high priest and a prophetess, his military 
teacher’s wife, whether the gods sent signs favorable for 
battle. From the way the clouds crossed the sun they fore- 
told victory. The high priest brought forth the fierce-faced 
war god Kukailimoku, Ku-to-take-the-islands, and placed 
it near Kamehameha in front of the ranks, its staring eyes 


104 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


and its rows of shark’s teeth ready to strike terror into the 
hearts of the enemy. The high priest, with his own face 


War God Kukailimoku 


tattooed to be terrifying, 
stood by it and _ prayed, 
promising the gods all the 
victims they should kill. 

As the two large oppos- 
ing bodies of armed men 
faced each other, the high 
priest shouted and twisted 
his face into frightful grim- 
aces. A warrior came from 
the enemy’s lines, carrying 
only a fan, as an expression 
of ridicule, and uttered 
scornful and insulting chal- 
lenges. In reply a dozen 
spears shot through the air. 
As they came toward him, 
he nimbly stooped; he 
twisted his body, he jumped 
aside; he warded one off 
with his arm; then he 


caught the last spear, and hurled it back at the foe. With 
loud yells the two armies, whirling their weapons in the 


KAMEHAMEHA 105 


air, clanged together. The dead plain awoke with roaring 
sound, while the chiefs, in red feather cloaks, swept over 
the black lava like consuming fire. The warriors jumped 
from side to side, and bent their heads to avoid the sling 


Hawaiian Weapons of War 


stones, parrying the spear thrusts with their javelins. Often 
heavy stones attached to long cords would twirl about their 
legs and trip them, after which the enemy rushed upon 
them, dealing blinding blows with their war clubs. The 
women, each carrying a spear in one hand and in the other 
a calabash of water to refresh their husbands, ran from the 
rear into the thickest of the fray, or fought beside their 
husbands. Near Kamehameha fought his sister. Keeau- 


106 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


moku, one of the four great Kona chiefs, saw Kamehameha 
in sudden danger. He turned, and shouted to him to look 
out! That instant a warrior of Kiwalao tripped Keeau- 
moku with a long spear. 

“The weapon strikes the yellow- backed crab,’ another 
shouted, and smote him with a short wocden dagger. 

Darkness closed in on Keeaumoku, and he fell. When he 
came to, he heard above the din of battle some one calling 
near him. 

‘“‘Save the whale’s tooth ornament at his neck! Keep it 
from being stained with his blood !”’ 

The voice sounded familiar. He opened his eyes. Over 
him bent Kiwalao, the king. With a sudden spring Keeau- 
moku grasped the king’s long, flowing hair, and pulled him 
down, leaping upon his tattooed back. Being a man of 
uncommon size and strength, although weak, he held the 
king, and slowly drew his shark’s teeth sword across his 
throat. 

All at once Kamehameha, who had heard that Kee. 
moku had fallen, rushed to the spot with his attendants. 
One of them ran Kiwalao through with a spear, and 
another stabbed him with a short wooden dagger. They 
took possession of his war cloak, next to Kamehameha’s 
in beauty. Keoua, wounded in the thigh, had left the field. 
Without these leaders their army was seized with panic. 


KAMEHAMEHA 107 


Many leaped into the sea, and swam with difficulty to some 
canoes lying off shore. 


Keoua hastened to Kau, where he was acknowledged king. 


The Feather Cloak of Kiwalao 


Kiwalao’s wife and mother, with his daughter Keopuolani, 
the Gathering-Clouds-of-Heaven, found protection with her 
brother Kahekili on Maui. The rest sought the City of 
Refuge or hid in mountain caves. Kamehameha’s men had 
taken the tyrant uncle prisoner, but he escaped from his 
guard at Napoopoo, and fled over the mountains to Hilo. 


108 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


For weeks afterward Kamehameha’s victorious warriors 
were busy ferreting out the fugitives in hiding. 

Hawaii now really had three kings. The fiery and am- 
bitious Keoua ruled over the districts of Puna and Kau. 
The greedy uncle, who after the death of Kiwalao had the 
highest rank on Hawaii, ruled the district of Hilo. Kame- 
hameha ruled in Kohala, Kona, and Hamakua. 

The shrewd uncle, hearing that Kamehameha had refused 
Kahekili a war canoe for an expedition to Oahu, immedi- 
ately sent him a very large one. Kahekili had put over 
Oahu a young king whom he had brought up as his own son. 
Afterward, because the Oahu chiefs denied him the sacred 
ands of Kualoa and the whalebone and the ivory cast on their 
shores, he had become enraged against this adopted son, and 
had decided on hisruin. As the young king followed the wise 
counsel of his high priest, Kahekili had schemed first to be 
rid of this counselor. At the time when the king of Oahu 
had come to help him defeat the Alapa, Kahekili had warned 
him to be on his guard, insinuating that this high priest was 
a traitor. Now after the young king had fallen into the trap, 
and put his best counselor to death, Kahekili easily con- 
quered and ravaged Oahu. Throughout the conflict, his wife 
fought by his side. It was at this time that Kahekili’s large 
forces at Waikiki were attacked by eight bold and fearless 
warriors from Ewa, whose names thereafter became famous. 


KAMEHAMEHA 109 


In return for the present of the large canoe, Kahekili 
sent Kamehameha’s uncle a company of soldiers. On Ha- 
waii now multitudes toiled in the forests, preparing weapons 
for war. When, at length, Kamehameha was ready to do 
battle, he marched inland to Kilauea, and thence through 
fern forests and ohia groves to Hilo to meet the combined 
armies of Keoua and his uncle. His army was routed, and 
Kamehameha himself had to flee. 

“© high chief of heaven!” a soldier of the other side, run- 
ning after him, called out tauntingly, ‘do not be in such a 
hurry. It is only 1!” 

When Kamehameha had gathered all of his men that he 
could on board his fleet, he sailed for Laupahoehce. This 
is known as Kauaawa, the Bitter War. 

Kamehameha now considered that Kahekili had given 
him just cause for war. Hence, while Kahekili was absent 
on Oahu, he sent his younger brother over to take East 
Maui. His brother’s army was completely defeated, and 
he was able to escape to Hawaii only because his kahu, or 
guardian, after the battle, hid him in a lava cave till night- 
fall. Although the expedition was a failure, Kamehameha 
did not grieve, so glad was he to have the brother he loved 
return in safety. 

One day Kamehameha, with only the paddlers in his war — 
canoe, left Laupahoehce mysteriously. Along the Puna 


110 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


coast, a number of fishermen with their wives and children 
were wading. These were subjects of Kamehameha’s uncle. 
He ran in upon the reef, and sprang with his spear into 
the surf, to capture and slay them. But as Kamehameha 
leaped on the coral, his foot slipped into a crevice and he 
was held fast. Most of the fishermen, seeing the tall, well- 
armed warrior spring to attack them, escaped to the shore 


A Hawaiian Canoe 


in fright. But two of them, one with a child on his back, 
were hindered by Kamehameha. A scuffle followed. With 
their paddles the fishermen struck Kamehameha such blind- 
ing blows on the head that one paddle broke. Kame- 
hameha by a sudden effort pulled his foot from the rocks, 
and hurried back to his canoe. The fishermen did not know 
who the giant chieftain was. Letting him go, they hurried © 
to the beach, bearing the splintered. paddle. 

During this time of Kamehameha’s adversity, in 1778, 
a great bard and prophet at Napoopoo chanted a famous 
mele, describing the horrors of the war in Hawaii, and 
prophesying the success and glory of Kamehameha. 


KAMEHAMEHA 1th 


“The land is conquered. Its chiefs are overthrown. 
The one father is over the island now. 
The chief offered a sacrifice; thé island was free from war. 
The heavens are dry, the earth is burnt; the pits have no moisture ; 
At night there are no floating clouds. 
To the worthy one, to the chief, belongs the island. 
To the resident under Ku, a chief greatly loved by Lono, 
The favorite of the forty thousand gods. 
Not long ago indeed the island people fled 
As the setting of the sun: Hilo fled in the evening ; 
Puna fled in the morning; at high noon Kau fled. 
Hawaii was tamed by the chief and his warriors. 
Shall these lands escape from Kamehameha, 
The first of soldiers that ever appeared ? 
The island is enlarged by the chief, he obtained it in the day of 
his strength.” 


Although Kamehameha had been defeated again and 
again, the chiefs who had chosen him for their king knew 
that he delighted in doing difficult deeds, and that when 
once he bent his iron strength of will to accomplish an object, 
he never gave it up. 

Kamehameha returned again to his lands, and improved 
his part of the island. While he was cultivating his fields, 
a messenger brought him word of the death ina sham battle 
of Kekuhaupio, his old military teacher. Kamehameha 
mourned for this friend, whom he had considered the best 
warrior of his time, and as wise as he was brave. 


112 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


It was near the close of November, the Hawaiian New 
Year was at hand. The people dressed their houses with 
new mats, and decorated them with green boughs. Forty 
days before, heralds had proclaimed the approach of the 
makahiki, or New Year’s festival. This celebration was 
held in honor of the kind god Lono. The idol of Lono 
would be dressed, and carried around the island while the 
taxes were being collected. Those who carried the long 
‘dol would have their food put into their mouths, as their 
hands would become tabu in touching the idol. It was 
a time of games, of rest from all work, of peace and good 
will. No hoarse conch shells could scream for war. 

The night before the festival, bonfires glowed on the 
beach. As the ocean would be tabu four days, young and 
old lined the sand, pushing seaward with their long light 
surf boards of wiliwili wood, swimming toward the toppling 
white breakers. At sight of Kamehameha, who did feats 
in the ocean that no others dared attempt, well might they 
chant from an old mele: — 


“Here comes the champion surf man, 
While waves ridden by surf riders beat the island, 
A fringe of mountain-high waves. 
Glossy the skin of the surf man ; 
Undrenched the skin of the expert ; 
Wave-feathers fan the surf rider.” 


KAMEHAMEHA | 113 


People from other districts had come to attend the festival. 
Jeeaumoku, who had charge of the Kona district, had brought 
his family. By the dim moonlight above the 
curling waters, Kamehameha saw for the first 
time Keeaumoku’s beautiful daughter, Kaahu- il 
manu, the Feather-Mantle. She was only } Hi 
seventeen, but she vied with him in going far _ | 
out into the mountainous surf, and rushing in 
between jagged rocks, where none others ven- | 
tured. Poised on her board, Kaahumanu rode /‘ 
the waves with easy mastery. Kamehameha \ VM ea / 
had never before met any chiefess like her. 
Later, as they warmed themselves by the bon- 
fires, he listened to the music of her voice, sweet 
as the singing of the iwiiwi birds on the hillside. 
To win her approval, he vowed that he would 
be victor in all the games that were to come. 

The next morning the festival began. Dur- , 
ing four days land and sea were tabu to Lono. “=~ 
Only feasting and games in his honor could take "2°?" 
place. As evening came on, the priests set up out of doors 
a short idol called the god of sports. A multitude of ten 
thousand people gathered to see the games. First came 
the foot races in which the girls could run. 

“Who is the young woman who looks strong like a queen 


STORY OF HAWAII—S8 ,7 
C Viet OW 
f ) 
LA 


—_—— 


—— 


114 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


born to govern?” one of the spectators would ask of an- 
other. 

“The girl lovely as a lauhala blossom?” the reply would 
come; “she who holds her head so high? That is Kaahu- 
manu, daughter of Keeaumoku from Kona.” 

“Took! See Kamehameha, with a back as straight as 
a precipice!”’ the people exclaimed, as the tall Kameha- 
meha came out and stood beside Kaahumanu. 

They were off like the wind, Kamehameha and Kaa- 
humanu in the lead. Some cheered for Kaahumanu ; 
some for Kamehameha. When Kamehameha won, Kaa- 
humanu looked well pleased. She took a seat beside her 
father to watch the favorite game of maika. It was played 
on a smooth, level track about three feet wide and half a 
mile in length. As Kamehameha bent to bowl a stone disk 
weighing twenty-two pounds, his huge muscles rose under 
his brown satin skin. With a steady hand and unerring aim 
he sent his disk forty yards without swerving between two 
sticks stuck in the ground a few inches apart. Loud cries 
of approval rang from the onlookers. They watched him 
couple his mighty form with the others in wrestling matches. 
Who could stand against his strength? They cheered again. 

The next day they saw him win in the dangerous holua slid- 
ing. Kaahumanu’s eyes shone with interest. — Surely Kame- 
hameha would be the champion. The boxing matches on 


KAMEHAMEHA 115 


the third day would decide it. On the last day of the games 
the judges took their places under flags tipped with feathers. 
The prize boxer from each district came forward, lifting 
his feet up very high behind, and drawing the palms of his 
hands along their soles. Even as they capered about before- 


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Kaahumanu (from an old drawing) 


hand, beating the air, the muscles bulged on theirarms. The 
first victor strutted around the ring, casting contemptuous 
looks toward the spectators, and challenging any rival to 
the contest. The people from his district deafened all others 
with their yells. Kamehameha played with him, and saw 
him carried away. In turn he faced each boxer, and won. 


116 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


There was beating of drums, yelling, and dancing. Kame- 
hameha, the final conqueror, had won the highest honors. 

He sought out. the Feather-Mantle, and asked her to 
marry him. Kaahumanu could not refuse this great cham- 
pion. So Kamehameha married the daughter of his coun- 
selor and devoted friend Keeaumoku. 

In the early dawn of the thirtieth and last day of the maka- 
hiki, Kamehameha arrayed himself in his richest mantle and 
helmet, and taking the long idol of Lono with him, pushed 
out in a canoe. In the dim light, he paddled along the 
shore. When the sun touched the mountain edges, he 
returned towards the beach, where the most valiant and 
expert of his warriors awaited him with three spears. 
As Kamehameha’s foot touched the sand thirty paces away, 
this warrior instantly threw the three spears at him in quick 
succession. Kamehameha caught the first, and with it 
warded off the other two.. It was a custom fraught with 
creat danger, for any of the spears would have killed a less 
expert champion. Kamehameha, however, was as able to 
catch a spear as any one was to throw it. After this cere- 
mony, the people had sham battles until Kamehameha 
stopped them, and carrying the spear he had caught, point 
down, went into the temple to pray to Lono. 

A second time Kamehameha invaded Hilo without success. 
Then he waited. 


KAMEHAMEHA 117 


The next May the first white sails for seven years since 
~Cook’s visit entered Kealakekua Harbor. The report of 
Cook’s voyage had shown that traders could buy furs of 
the Indians on the northwest coast of America for beads, 
pieces of iron, and other trifles, and sell them in China for 
large sums of money. These ships were touching at Hawaii 
for supplies. The Hawaiians at first believed that all com- 
manders of ships were Lono’s sons. They therefore lighted 
bonfires along the shore at night toalarm the country. The 
ships sailed onward to Waialae, Oahu, where the natives 
brought them thirty tons of fresh water from the Manoa 
and the Makiki streams, at the rate of a two-gallon calabash 
for a sixpenny nail. These traders, some of whom had 
come to the islands before in Cook’s ships, noticed that 
Kahekili’s warriors had captured nearly all the iron daggers 
that Cook had made and sold to the natives on Hawaii at 
that time. | 

One of the trading captains took the chief Kaiana to China. 
Kaiana had fled to Kauai from Oahu when Kahekili was 
ravaging that island. Six anda half feet tall and strikingly 
handsome, he was known in China as “The Great 
Stranger.” The ship’s company, however, could not teach 
him the value of money. When he wished to buy anything 
he always asked them for iron. It is said that at one time 
he went to an orange stall and picking out half a dozen 


118 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


oranges, offered two nails, which in his estimation was full 


pay and a present besides. Some gentlemen with him paid 


the stallkeeper to his satisfaction. Upon his leaving China, 


conchs resounded from distant hills. 


of landing, sailed at once for Hawaii. 


the English there gave 
him cattle, goats, tur- 
keys, and lime trees, 
besides a large collec- 
tion of other presents. 

As the ships arrived . 
at Kauai, two men pad- 


dled out secretly with 


word that Kaiana 


. would be slain if his 


foot touched the shore, 
for the clouds the day 
before had indicated 
approaching danger. 
No other canoes came 
out to the ships. War 

The captain, instead 


At Kealakekua, Kamehameha came on board. He ac- 


cepted Kaiana’s offer of his services, and gave him a large 


tract of land. ‘This island shall belong to you while you 


are here,” he said in welcome to the captain. 


KAMEHAMEHA 119 


Kaiana’s live stock had all died on the voyage. But the 
natives looked on in wonder as five double cances brought 
ashore his saws, gimlets, hatchets, adzes, knives, and other 
tools, besides chinaware, firearms, and ammunition. A 
hundred canoes attended Kamehameha to the _ beach. 
As Kaiana followed him, the ships fired a salute of seven 
guns. The new things the traders brought — silks, mirrors, 
umbrellas, furniture, hats, shoes, and firearms — made for 
the natives a time of wonder and delight. Kahekili, king 
of Maui and Oahu, built a storehouse on the top of a hill 
where he ordered his people to keep all the articles they 
obtained by trading. He then took one half of them for 
himself. 

The traders naturally frequented a region where food 
was abundant, and anchored in the smooth waters of 
Kealakekua Bay. This bay was defended from the usual 
winds by high mountains, so that the sea never ran high 
there except during a kona. Kamehameha, who eagerly 
sought advantages for his people, encouraged the traders 
to come and protected them. Their ships were as safe in 
his ports as in any civilized poris in the world. He could 
point out with accuracy the flaws or the good work in their 
vessels. One of the captains presented him with a swivel 
cannon, muskets, and ammunition. He had several two- 
pounders and two swivel cannon mounted on a raised plat- 


120 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


form of stone before his house at Kealakekua. ~The touch- 
holes had pieces of cloth tied around them. 

Although for several years all thought of war had been set 
aside for trade, as Kamehameha increased his store of am- 
munition, his visions of conquest grew. Kaiana, also ambi- 
tious, tried to carry out plans in a treacherous way. His. 
possessions had given him a false and dangerous idea of his 
own importance. Notwithstanding the kindness he had 
received from the traders, he plotted to seize their ships. 

In 1789, when an American trading ship under Captain 
Metcalf anchored at Kealakekua, Kaiana urged Kameha- 
meha to take it. He said they could seize the ship while the 
crew lay aloft to loose the sails, then murder those on deck, 
and keep the rest in the rigging until Kamehameha was in 
possession; the crew that remained he would force to navi- 
gate the ship as he chose. So powerful an addition to 
Kamehameha’s navy, he urged, would make Kamehameha 
sure of the conquest of the other islands. Although to unite 
the islands had grown to be Kamehameha’s ambition, he 
rejected with scorn this wicked project for carrying it out. 
Against his commands, however, the chiefs boarded the 
ship to make the attempt. Kamehameha heard of it in 
time to reach the vessel and sternly order them ashore. 

One night at Olowalu, the next place at which Captain 
Metcalf anchored, two chiefs stole a boat that was 


KAMEHAMEHA 121 


moored under the stern of hisship. They broke it up on the 
beach for the sake of its fastenings of iron. Enraged, Met- 
ealf took a barbaric revenge. When a multitude of innocent 
people soon after flocked out to his vessel, he ordered them 
all to lie with their canoes on the starboard side, and then 
mowed them down with a broadside of cannon and musketry. 

In the meantime Metcalf’s son, a boy of eighteen, arrived 
at Kealakekua in command of a small schooner of twenty- 
six tons, the Fair American, manned by five seamen. It had 
been a pleasure boat which had been lengthened in China. 
Its gunwale did not stand a foot higher than that of the 
double canoes. A high chief whom Metcalf had cruelly 
flogged resolved on revenge. He visited the schooner, carry- 
ing with him some presents for the young captain. While 
the youth bent smiling over his gifts, the chief sprang up 
savagely and threw him overboard. Then, with his fol- 
lowers, he killed all the crew but one. This man, Isaac 
Davis, leaping into the water, swam vigorously and caught 
hold of a canoe. The natives beat him with their hard 
paddles, but he hung on. One Hawaiian, taking pity on 
him, bound up his wounds, and cared for him. 

Kamehameha, on hearing of the outrage, shed tears, and 
rebuked the revengeful chief severely. He sent for Isaac 
Davis, and showed him every kindness. 

The next day brought Metcalf to Kealakekua. John 


122 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Young, his boatswain, went ashore. To his surprise, 
Young found himself taken prisoner, and all the canoes 
hauled up on the beach and tabued. Kamehameha told 
him he would not hurt him, but he could not let him go back 
to his ship. If he did, the captain would hear about the 
Fair American and kill the 
natives. Metcalf lay off for 
two days firing signal guns 
for Young to return. Then 
he sailed away for China. 
Kamehameha took Young 
with him to see the Fair 
American. It lay prone on 
the beach, stripped of its 


guns. He ordered his peo- 
ple to restore the guns, and 


John Young 


keep it in order so that it 
might be returned to Metcalf, if he ever came back. Kame- 
hameha and Young went farther until they found Davis. 
On seeing Young, Davis’ eyes beamed with joy. Herushed 
to greet him, expecting to be taken to Metcalf’s schooner. 
As they sat together mourning afterwards, Kamehameha 
took them in his arms, trying to comfort them. 
“You shall live with me,” hesaid. ‘‘No harm shall come 
to you. I will protect you, and provide for your wants,” 


KAMEHAMEHA 123 


He made them chiefs and gave them large tracts of land, 
for which he would not let them pay any taxes. Whenever 
ships arrived, however, he placed them under guard lest 
they should try to escape. Each was held responsible with 
his life for the other. 

The jealous Kaiana plotted to take the lives of Young and 
Davis. Once when they were sending a captain who had 
offered them free passage a letter explaining why they could 
not go, Kaiana forced the letter away from the bearer. 
Carrying it to Kamehameha, he pretended, because he had 
been with the English so much, that he could read it. He 
said they had written asking the captain to decoy Kame- 
hameha aboard his ship, so that they could kill him. 
He earnestly advised Kamehameha, to have such dan- 
gerous men put to death; but Kamehameha was not de- 
ceived. Young and Davis made themselves useful and 
beloved. Trying to teach kindness, they protected the 
slaves, prisoners taken in war, who suffered as outcasts. 
They helped foreign traders. They caused the cannon from 
the Fair American to be mounted on carriages for land 
service, and they taught troops how to use muskets. 

At various times, sailors deserted from their ships, and 
stayed to work under the chiefs, helping them with their 
knowledge of firearms. At length, Kamehameha considered 
himself strong enough for the invasion of Maui. 


124 


THE STORY OF HAWAII 


2. Kamehameha’s Conquests 


It was eight years since the four Kona chiefs had chosen 


Kamehameha for their king. 


Kamehameha I 


He had waited before under- 
taking what had long been 
his great ambition. Now, 
in 1790, he ordered fighting 
men and war canoes to con- 
quer all the other islands. 
Keoua answered this order 
The 
domineering uncle, however, 


with a flat refusal. 


having made peace with 
Kamehameha, sent him a 
large company commanded 
by hisownsons. On the eve 


of embarking, the priests 


offered human sacrifices to secure the favor of the war god. 


Kamehameha intended first to overcome the crafty 
Kahekili, who had made himself master of Maui, Molokai, 
Lanai, and Oahu, and allied himself with his brother, the 
king of Kauai. The army from Hawaii landed at Hana, and 


then near Haiku, where they were met by the best troops of 


Maui under their champion warrior. 


In the battle that 


followed, suddenly a hush came upon the two armies. 


*-KAMEHAMEHA 125 


Ceasing their conflict, the warriors turned to watch the Maui 
hero face Kamehameha in deadly hand-to-hand combat. 
Upon the prowess of the champion hung the fate of the island. 
He fell. The Maui troops fled. 

Kamehameha embarked next for Kahului, and marched 
to Wailuku, where another division of the Maui army under 
Kahekili’s sons awaited his attack. The women, the chil- 
dren, and the aged had been sent out of harm’s way up 
the green mountain sides of Iao Valley. There, looking 
down into that beautiful valley, the peaceful burying place 
of former kings, they beheld the last battle fought on Maui, 
one of the most cruel in Hawaiian history. The loud reports 
and the flashes from Kamehameha’s cannon and muskets 
struck terror into the hearts of the Maui warriors, who, 
although good fighters, had never seen guns. Up Iao Valley 
Kamehameha drove them in sight of their loved ones. The 
voices of wives and mothers and children on the heights 
sounded through the firing and the clashing of arms. 
No mercy did the invading army show. They chased the 
vanquished over the mountain passes and up the sheer 
sides of a peak in the valley called the Needle. At night- 
fall those on the Needle crept down to quench their thirst 
from the stream, only to be killed by men of Hawaii hiding 
in the woods. The princes of Maui, however, escaped 
through the Olowalu pass and sailed to Oahu. Owing to the 


126 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


great number who were slain, this battle was afterwards 
called Kepaniwai, the Damming-of-the- Waters. 


The Needle 


After the battle, 
Kamehameha sent 
word to Kahekili’s 
sister, the mother 
of Kiwalao, that if 
she and her grand- 
daughter, Keopuo- 
lani, the Gathering- 
of-the-Clouds-of- 
Heaven, would 
return with him to 
Hawaii, he would 
provide for them as 
became their high 
rank. He dis- 
patched two mes- 
sengers to Oahu. 
One, the grand- 
mother of Kaahu- 
manu, went in 
search of a famous 
soothsayer to learn 


from him the best way for Kamehameha to secure the mas- 


KAMEHAMEHA Vay 


tery of all the islands. As she was related to the sooth- 
sayer, he received her kindly, and told her to tell Kame- 
hameha that if he erected a large heiau at Kawaihae for 
his war god, he would be victorious. 

The other messenger sought the aged Kahekili at Waikiki. 

“Does Kamehameha want to go to war with Oahu?” 
the infirm king exclaimed. 

The messenger assented, saying that he had been dis- 
patched as a herald to arrange in a courteous manner the 
place of landing and the battlefield. 

“Go, tell Kamehameha to return to Hawaii,’’ Kahekili 
answered ; ‘‘when the black tapa covers me, my kingdom 
shall be his.”’ 

Before the messenger could reach Maui, Kamehameha 
had already sailed to Hawaii. Word had come to him that 
Keoua had conquered Hilo, and slain their uncle for having 
made peace with Kamehameha. The death of this uncle, 
and the report of Keoua’s cruel ravages in Hamakua; 
Waipio, and Waimea stirred Kamehameha deeply. During 
his absence he had left Kaiana in command. He now joined 
forces with him and fought Keoua in Hamakua. 

Keoua won the battle with a brilliant charge, but his 
powder gave out, and he was unable to follow up the 
victory. While Kamehameha returned to Waipio to recruit 
his losses, Keoua went to divide Hilo among his followers. 


128 THE STORY OF HAWATL 


Later Keoua set out overland from Hilo in order to attack 
Kamehameha. His route went past the volcano of Kilauea. 
| There he camped under the 
tree ferns near the crater. 
In the night suddenly flames 


swept the sky. Cinders 


“ee and heavy stones shot vi- 
AN Vr : 

WRN “ olently from the volcano in 

in a storm of thunder and 

: lightning. Keoua’s army 

ita e- thought some of their num- 
ee rely = SASS 

SS i. ER = “~.zy ber must have eaten ohelos 
UWE pe OS NAGS 
4 es . pay Waar EP 


4 i ee ws or rolled stones into the 

>. crater, and offended the 

A Haceatn Waipior terrible goddess Pele. In 

From a drawing by Captain Cook’ s artist the morning, afraid to go 
on, they stayed and made offerings to Pele. 

The second day was clear and beautiful. Keoua had 
divided his army into three divisions, and these ventured 
forth, marching some distance apart. All at once a noise 
louder than thunder smote their ears, and the ground 
rocked under their feet. Darkness closed them in, except 
when the awful glare of red and blue light streamed from 
the pit of the voleano. Fearful showers of sand and cinders 


fell, while sulphurous gases almost suffocated them. 


KAMEHAMEHA 129 


Although terrified, the first division escaped. The last 
division, also unharmed, hastened to join their comrades. 
On nearing the ranks of the second company, they noticed 
how still the second company kept, some sitting alone, 


Entrance to the Heiau at Kawaihae 


others embracing one another, some apparently sleeping. 
Wondering at the silence, they called. There was no 
response. They hurried toward them, to find the whole 
company lifeless. Four hundred of Keoua’s fighting men 
had died, smitten by the breath of Pele. 

Kamehameha believed this to be a sign that the goddess 


STORY OF HAWAII — 9 


Pathe, THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Pele was on his side. He began building in haste a great 
heiau at Kawaihae, convinced that he had been unsuccessful 
so far because he had not carried out the word of the Oahu 
soothsayer. Relays of people came from Kona and Kohala 
and Hamakua to carry the stones from hand to hand. 
Thousands of them encamped on the hillsides. According 
to tradition, the ground trembled beneath the tread of their — 
feet. Chiefs of the highest rank worked side by side with 
the commoners. Kamehameha himself set an example, — 
carrying the heaviest stones. Human victims were sacri- 
ficed daily. Image bearers cried all night in prayer. After 
they had erected the heiau, for days they held the strict 
dedication ceremonies. At their close, Kamehameha, dressed 
all in red, and the high priest Hewahewa, in white, led a 
procession. The priest chanted during the silence of the 
multitude. 

“Tt is finished!” Kamehameha called. Loud voices fell 
on the air, repeating the cry. 

In spite of the building of the heiau, Kaiana still warred 
unsuccessfully with Keoua. On Mauna Loa may be seen 
the holes that Keoua’s men dug to crouch in at the flash of _ 
Kaiana’s muskets. Kahekili, finding that Kamehameha 
now had his hands full with Keoua, began scheming 
and plotting again. He persuaded the king of Kauai to 
join him in a combined attack on Hawaii. The king of the 


KAMEHAMEHA 131 


Garden Island took with him a foreign gunner and several 
large fierce dogs. At Hana on Maui, he climbed the hill 
of Kauwiki, famous for its battles. In a spirit of bravado, 
he threw his spear up into the air, exclaiming : — 

“Tt is said of old that the sky comes down close to Hana, 


Waipio Valley 


but I find it quite high, for I have thrown my spear ‘Kumo- 
olehua,’ and it did not pierce the sky, and I doubt if it will 
hit Kamehameha; but hearken, O Kauai! you chiefs, 
warriors, and relations, be strong and be valiant, and we 
shall drink the water of Waipio and eat the taro of Kunaka.” 


132 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


In Waipio this army slaughtered the people, burning their 
homes, and destroying the heiaus and the places of the early 
kings. 

Kamehameha sailed from Kona to meet them. His 
fleet of double canoes and the Fair American, carrying several 
small cannon, under the charge of Young and Davis, proved 
too much for the allies. Kahekili and the king of Kauai 
were thankful indeed to escape to Maui with their fleet 
shattered. Because of the cannon, this battle was called 
Kapuloahaula, the Red- Mouthed-Gun. | 

Meanwhile Kaiana failed to subdue Keoua, who still called 
himself the rightful king. The people in the district of 
Kau, a land of black lava, went by the name of “the people 
of the rebellion.” Proud and energetic, they loved their 
liberty, and for nine years had defended Keoua against 
Kamehameha. At length, two of the Kona chiefs who had 
chosen Kamehameha for king journeyed to Kau to confer 
with Keoua. On approaching the fence around his dwelling, 
they prostrated themselves as though they were before the 
house of a king. Keoua’s followers notified him that the 
two chiefs waited without, as ambassadors of Kamehameha. 
They advised him to put them to death. 

“Thus Kamehameha will lose two of his wisest coun- 
selors,” they urged, “and Keoua will easily win possession 
of the whole island.” 


KAMEHAMEHA 133 


“They are my near relatives,’ Keoua answered, ‘‘and 
they shall not die.” He sent word to admit them. 

The ambassadors crawled up to Keoua, and embraced 
his feet, wailing. Keoua asked what their errand was. 

““‘We have come to you, the son of our late lord and 
brother,” they pleaded, “to persuade you to go with us to 
Kona and be united and at peace with Kamehameha; 
that you two may be the kings, and we, your parents, live 
under you. Let the war between you come to an end!” 

““T am agreed,” Keoua assented; ‘“‘let us go to Kona.” 

He put on his royal helmet and cloak, and embarked with 
his most intimate friends in a double canoe with twenty-four 
rowers, ahead of the rest of his followers. With sad fore- 
bodings those on the shore watched his departure. They 
knew the risk he was taking. Perhaps he was going to his 
death. All along the way his friends tried in vain to per- 
suade him to kill the ambassadors and turn back to safety. 
As he approached Kawaihae, the new heiau came into view. 
“A fleet of war canoes, many of them mounted with guns, 
formed a semicircle in the bay. Crowds of armed chiefs 
and warriors lined the beach. 

“Tt looks bad ashore,’’ Keoua remarked to one of the 
ambassadors; ‘‘the clouds are flying unfavorably.” 

“From whom should evil come on so pleasant a day?” 
the ambassador asked. 


134 THE STORY OF HAWAIL 


“The clouds have an unfavorable flight,” Keoua repeated. 

They neared the shore. Keeaumoku, with a number of 
armed men, surrounded Keoua’s canoe. 

“Here Iam!” Keoua called out to Kamehameha on the 
beach. 

“Rise up and come here,” Kamehameha answered, “that 
we may know each other.” 

Keoua sprang up to leap ashore. Instantly Keeaumoku 
ran him through with a spear. He fell, — treacherously 
slain. The armed men massacred his followers, until 
Kamehameha ordered them to withdraw. The bodies of 
the slain were offered on the altar of the war god, Kukaili- 
moku. Kamehameha was now master of the whole island, 
but this last deed will forever be a blot on his great name. 

Soon afterwards he proceeded to the other side of the island, 
probably to divide Keoua’s late domains. While he was 
absent, two foreign ships, one of one hundred and thirty- 
five tons, sailed along the Kona coast. Vancouver com- 
manded them. He was an Englishman who had been with 
Cook when Cook discovered Hawaii, and was now sailing in 
the service of the British government to receive the cession 
of Nootka Sound and the adjoining country from Spain. 

Kaiana, handsome and valiant, went on board of Van- 
couver’s vessel. In spite of his much traveling, he could 
not speak any English, and so a Hawaiian who had been 


KAMEHAMEHA 135 


to America interpreted for him. Kaiana falsely represented 
himself as the equal of Kamehameha, saying that he and 
Kamehameha had divided the 
island between them. He 
begged for firearms. These 
the English captain refused, 
informing him that the ships 
and all they contained be- 
longed to King George, who 
had tabued the giving away of 
firearms. 

The captain invited Kaiana 
to stay on board; but he ob- 


served that during the night ‘ 
the crafty chief went on deck Vancouver 
several times to count the men on duty in the night watches. 
Was it idle curiosity that took him from his warm berth? 
or was he studying the chances of seizing the ships? Van- 
couver divided orange trees and grape vines and the seeds 
of other useful plants between Keeaumoku and Kaiana. 
When Kaiana left the ship, the commander, still supposing 
him to be a king, fired a salute of four guns. 

As Vancouver proceeded, he approached Oahu off Koolau, 
the side of the island where the inhabitants had not seen 
ships before. 


136 THE STORY ‘OF SHAWAT 


“Marvelous! marvelous!’ they gasped, running inland 
in fright. 

Upon the ships’ anchoring at Waikiki, the natives paddled 
out and crowded around them. When Vancouver mounted 
guard to post the sentinels, they all fled toward shore in a 
panic, and could hardly be persuaded to return. His men 
fired some guns. 

‘What is this whizzing?”’ some of the natives called to 
each other. 

“Don’t you know?” those better informed replied; 
“it is burning sand, a deadly thing — perhaps it will burn 
this day, and destroy our land !”’ 

Again Vancouver refused to trade in firearms. 

He left Oahu, and sailed to Kauai, where he noted fields 
of sugar cane, and found white and yellow pearls. The 
natives on Kauai also besought him to sell them firearms. 
Vancouver was sorry to see how they had died off because 
of their wars. They told him that the twelve-year-old 
prince, Kaumualii, wished to visit him. Asa token of his 
friendship, Vancouver sent Kaumualii an iron ax. 

Before the Kauai people would let their beloved boy prince 
venture on board the warships, they demanded hostages ~ 
for his safe return. Prince Kaumualii came out to the 
ships with his regular guard of thirty men armed with iron 
daggers and bearing calabashes of ammunition and thir- 


KAMEHAMEHA 137 


teen muskets made into three bundles. At first the prince 
clung to Vancouver, saluting him in Hawaiian fashion by 
touching noses. Throughout the visit he conducted him- 
self well, asking intelligent questions. He entreated Van- 
couver to remain longer in order that he might collect a 
supply of pigs and vegetables for him. This, however, was 
impossible for Vancouver then. 

The next year Vancouver returned to the islands, bring- 
ing two cattle for Kamehameha. At Kawaihae, Keeaumoku 
gave him supplies. Upon leaving for Kealakekua, Van- 
couver took Keeaumoku and his wife aboard as passengers. 

They were sailing along the coast when a canoe came out 
to meet them. In it was a very large Hawaiian of majestic 
bearing with a countenance expressing firmnesss and dignity. 
Beside him sat a beautiful and pleasing young woman of 
the same noble carriage, and a distinguished-looking white 
man. They were Kamehameha, with his wife Kaahumanu, 
and John Young. Kaahumanu threw her arms about her 
mother and father, surprised and delighted to find then 
aboard. Their friends and relatives soon joined them on 
the vessel. When Kamehameha accompanied Vancouver 
down into the cabin, all left the deck. To remain above 
a chief was punishable with death. 

They returned as Kamehameha came up from the cabin, 
beaming, his arms full of treasures that Vancouver had 


138 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


given him to distribute. After Kamehameha had made 
each one happy with a precious article, he joined in the 
mirth, when Vancouver said he had slighted the women and 
insisted on bestowing more upon them. Kamehameha, 
himself was filled with rapture by the gift of a red cloak 
that reached to the ground. Down again he went into 
the cabin to view himself between two murors. ‘Mounting 
to the deck, he stood in a conspicuous place, arms folded and 
eyes half closed, as though not in the least aware of the noisy 
admiration of his subjects. 

The next day, as the ships, with the royal party still on 
board, rounded Kealakekua bluff, a deafening clamor 
arose. Three thousand people paddling in canoes or swim- 
ming in the water crowded round the visitors. A tabu time 
later brought peace and quiet. Before landing, Kameha- 
meha, remembering Cook’s sojourn, asked Vancouver to 
respect the tabu customs and not allow his men to travel 
inland without first letting him appoint trustworthy at- 
tendants who would provide for their wants and vouch for 
their safety. He said he would punish for any thefts. 
To these requests Vancouver gladly agreed. 

On the next day, Kamehameha paid the ships a visit of 
state. He wore his feather cloak over a printed linen shirt 
given by Cook to Kalaniopuu. His canoe with eighteen 
paddlers on each side headed the fleet of eleven canoes 


KAMEHAMEHA 139 


arranged to form an obtuse angle. The men in the other 
canoes paddled around the vessel with extreme grace and 
skill in exact time with the royal paddlers, slowly and 
solemnly. The ten canoes then formed lines under the 
stern, while the canoe bearing the king paddled with utmost 
swiftness to the starboard side. When abreast of the gang- 
way, in spite of the speed with which it was shooting ahead, 
the crew, by a skillful back dip of the paddles, stopped it 
instantly. After presenting Vancouver with four beautiful 
feather helmets, Kamehameha ordered the ten canoes to 
come alongside. Each contained nine huge pigs. A fleet 
of smaller canoes brought a marvelous quantity .of fruit 
and vegetables, which the natives deposited on the decks. 
In return Vancouver gave Kamehameha five cows and some 
sheep. 

Later Kaiana also came aboard. Because he had sought 
to win power by treachery and violence, Kamehameha re- 
ceived him with a gloomy, stern countenance. Vancouver, 
however, welcomed Kaiana, and, to smooth over any un- 
pleasantness, accepted his handsome gift, although he could 
not receive it on board. Thereupon Keeaumoku, who had 
come aboard earlier, spoke up angrily, as his gift had been 
refused. 

“Vancouver does not need to take any presents but 
mine! I am able to supply all his wants,” Kamehameha, 


140: THE STORY OF HAWAII 


- who had remained silent, now declared with warmth. 
He took Kaiana to task for leaving his district without first 
obtaining permission. 

Kaiana, looking about, saw that Vancouver had given the 
largest cattle to Kamehameha. 

‘Why do you give that man so many things, and me so 
few ?”’ he demanded. 

Thereupon Kamehameha and Vancouver both together 
quieted the two jealous chiefs and restored cheerfulness. 

While Vancouver stayed at Kealakekua, Kaiana lost no 
chance in trying to. make Kamehameha appear guilty of 
various crimes, to turn Vancouver against him, and persuade 
Vancouver to put him in Kamehameha’s place. Young 
and Davis also had long talks with their English countrymen. 
By their sterling characters, their only possession on land- 
ing, they had risen to positions of importance, and had won 
the respect of every Hawatian. 

Toward the end of Vancouver’s stay, Kamehameha 
entertained him ashore with a sham battle. Kamehameha 
drew up one hundred and fifty of his best warriors in three 
divisions to represent his own army and the armies of his 
rivals, Kahekili and the king of Kauai. With a discharge 
of spears made of soft hau wood, the battle was on. Some 
experts defied the whole body of enemies, fending with a 
spear held in the right hand those thrown, or catching them 


KAMEHAMEHA 141 


in the right hand and launching them back. In this none 
excelled Kamehameha, who entered the lists for a short 
time. Vancouver 
saw him ward off 
six spears hurled 
at him almost in 
the same instant. 
Three he caught 
as they were fly- 
ing ; two he broke 
by parrying with 
his own spear. 
he “Wsixth he 
avoided by a Kamehameha catching Spears 

slight bend of his | 

body. Marching forward with his army, he caused the enemy 


to fall back in confusion. As the allied troops gave way, 
Kamehameha’s men rushed forward with shouts, broke 
through their ranks, and gained the victory. 

Before Vancouver left, Kamehameha gave him many 
native curiosities and a cloak of red and yellow feathers. 
The superb cloak that he himself had worn on his visit 
of state, he wished to send by Vancouver to King George. 
Two holes in it, he said, had been made by spears the first 
day he wore it, in a battle to gain the island. It was the 


142 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


most valuable of Hawaiian cloaks, he said, and for that 
reason he wished to bestow it on so great a ruler and so 
good a friend as he considered King George of England. 

He requested that as only he had worn this cloak, it 
should honor no other shoulders but those of King George. 

From Hawaii Vancouver sailed to Lahaina, Maui, where 
Kahekili was entertaining the king of Kauai. King Kahe- 
kili, aged and infirm, came out to see Vancouver. His 
hands trembled and his voice faltered. From the white 
eruption that had made his skin rough like the bark of a 
kukui tree, Vancouver knew that his weak state must be 
caused by heavy awa drinking. Kahekili told the English 
commander how Maui had been so ravaged by the war 
that they were pinched with hunger and had to send to 
Oahu and Kauai for food for the army that watched to re- 
pel the expected invasion from Hawaii. So impoverished 
were they that they were unable to make Vancouver 
the usual presents, and could only offer four lean pigs and a 
few vegetables. Vancouver treated them with the same 
kindness, nevertheless, that he had shown to the people on 
Hawaii. He gave Kahekili a red cloak like the one he had 
given Kamehameha, and presented the natives with a large 
assortment of useful articles. 

On his way to Kauai, midway in the rough channel, the 
commander met the largest canoe he had ever seen. It was 


KAMEHAMEHA 143 
sixty-one and a half feet long, wide and deep, and handsomely 
finished. The people on Kauai had made it of a pine log 
that had drifted ashore from America. Before hollowing it 
they had waited for a long time for another like it, that they 
might make a double canoe that would have been the 
terror of their enemies. Three messengers in it were taking 
word to the king of Kauai that a revolt in his dominions 
had been quelled. They carried the leg bones of the rebel 
chiefs. Behind them followed a number of smaller canoes 
crowded with prisoners. 

One morning the next year, the natives at Hilo ran with 
shouts of joy to announce that Vancouver had come a 
third time. At the arrival of this high-souled commander 
of the seas, no one rejoiced more than Kamehameha. He 
went out to welcome Vancouver, and tried to persuade him 
to stay at Hilo, his favorite district, famed in song as “ Hilo 
that hath power to wring out the rain.’”’ Vancouver pre- 
ferred to move on to Kealakekua, the best and most secure 
bay of any then known on the islands. Although it was the 
strict festival of the makahiki, he persuaded Kamehameha to 
accompany him. As they sailed into Kealakekua Harbor, 
_ the people there, too, shouted with joy. Again Vancouver re- 
ceived unbounded hospitality as the guest of the nation. 
He landed several more cattle for Kamehameha. At his 
suggestion Kamehameha had them tabued for ten years. 


144 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Vancouver requested that, later, the women, as well as the — 
men, be allowed to eat their flesh. 

He noticed that the king was unhappy and soon learned 
that Kamehameha and Kaahumanu had quarreled. Kaahu- 
manu had returned to her home, and had been living with 
her father and mother for a year. 

The ‘chiefs who felt that Kaahumanu was their rightful 
queen begged Vancouver to reconcile the king with the 
queen. They told him that enemies of Kamehameha 
had brought about this separation. “They had made 
Kamehameha believe a false report that Kaahumanu 
cared more for Kaiana than for the king. Vancouver 
* found that Kaahumanu longed to make up with her husband. 
Kamehameha let him know of his unshaken and unchanged 
affection for Kaahumanu, and his real belief now in her in- 
nocence. His pride had stood in the way of a reconciliation- 
When Vancouver offered to arrange to have them meet, 
Kamehameha said the chiefs must not know of his agree- 
ment to the plan, for fear they would be offended, inasmuch 
as he had refused their offers of help. Vancouver was to 
invite Kaahumanu and a few of her relatives to go on 
board to receive some gifts as tokens of friendship. He was 
to find out if Kaahumanu wished to be reunited ; Kame- 
hameha made certain marks with a pencil on two pieces of 
paper, one for yes, the other for no. Vancouver was to 


KAMEHAMEHA 145 


send one of them to him wrapped in tapa, as a joke, “to 
his Hawaiian Majesty,’ on which, if it meant yes, Kame- 
hameha would hurry on board. 

Vancouver carried out the plan as Kamehameha had di- 
rected. Kaahumanu, seated in the cabin, heard Kame- 
hameha’s deep voice ring out on deck. 

“T have come to thank Captain Vancouver for his present, 
and for his goodness in not forgetting me.”’ 

All laughed loudly, enjoying the joke, except poor 
Kaahumanu, who looked distressed as Kamehameha’s 
firm step sounded on the companionway. On seeing her, 
the chieftain’s face showed no surprise. Vancouver caught 
his hand and joined it with the queen’s. As they embraced 
each other, tears rolled down their cheeks. Before leaving 
the ship, Kaahumanu thanked the noble captain in the most 
grateful terms for what he had done. 

In other ways Vancouver was of great service to Kame- 
hameha. He had his ship’s carpenter build for him the 
first ship made in Hawaii. Its keel measured thirty- 
six feet. Kamehameha named it Britannia. Vancouver 
counseled Kamehameha to form bands of soldiers armed with 
muskets to be a special bodyguard, divided into regular 
watches for day and night. His officers drilled them until 
they were an invincible force devoted to the service of the 
king. He recommended Young and Davis to the confidence 


STORY OF HAWAIIL— 10 


146 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


of Kamehameha. When he had offered them a free passage 
back to England, they had refused it, saying they were 
contented, and hoped to continue to influence the Hawaiians 
for the better. Vancouver tried to make the chiefs see the 
difference between the white men: those who had principles 
of honor, and those who were but selfish traders with no 
thought for others. Of the eleven white men on Hawaii, he 
held that only Young and Davis were worthy of confidence. 

“There is a god above in heaven,’ Vancouver told Kame- 
hameha; “and if you desire to worship Him, I will entreat 
His Majesty, when I return to England, to appoint for you a 
teacher; and when he comes hither, you must give up your 
tabu system, which is false.” 

Kamehameha and the chiefs held an important meeting 
on board Vancouver’s ship to request the king of England 
to protect Hawaii. Kamehameha spoke first. He explained 
his reasons for offering Hawaii to the protection of Great 
Britain. There would be danger from nations too powerful 
for Hawaii to resist. These nations would resort to the 
islands oftener and in larger numbers. He believed the 
Hawaiians would be liable to more ill treatment and 1m- 
positions than they had yet endured unless they could be 
protected from such wrongs by some civilized power. 

The warlike Keeaumoku spoke next. He said that as 
soon as England should send them a force, they would use 


KAMEHAMEHA 147 


it for the conquest of Maui. They ought to conquer Maui, 
and not suffer indignities from her people any longer. 

Kaiana agreed with Keeaumoku, and spoke of the neces- 
sity of having the island protected. He proposed that the 
cuards for that purpose should reside on shore with a vessel 
or two to defend them by sea. He said that the Americans 
and the English were so much alike that unless some of 
Vancouver’s officers then present came out on the vessels 
to protect the island, they would not know that they be- 
longed to King George. 

It was clearly understood in all their speeches that their 
government would not be interfered with. 

“Return to Great Britain,” Kamehameha said to Van- 
couver at the close of the council, “and request her king to 
protect our country.”’ 

“We are men of Beretania!’”’ the chiefs shouted. Those 
in the canoes around the ship repeated the cry, “We are 
men of Beretania!’”’ An officer went ashore and hoisted 
the British flag, whereupon the ships fired a salute for it. 

Shortly before the time for Vancouver to sail, he gave a 
brilliant display of fireworks. Kamehameha set off the first 
rocket. No other Hawaiian dared do it. The day 
Vancouver sailed, Kamehameha, Kaahumanu, Young, and 
Davis stayed on board until the last moment. Kamehameha 
begged Vancouver to return. The little company who re- 


148 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


mained behind shed tears as they watched the ships dis- 


appearing in the ocean mists. 


The same year Kahekili died at Waikiki, being more than 


Idol of the Poison God 


elghty years old. After his death, 
Kamehameha gained possession 
of his idol of the poison god that 
he had tried in vain to secure be- 
fore, —an idol supposed to be 
made of the wood of a poisonous 
tree on Molokai. 

One day the next year white 
seamen in two foreign ships 
touched at Hawaii with a strange 
tale to relate. They said that 
Kahekili’s son, king of Oahu, had 
captured the two vessels and 
killed their captains, making pris- 
oners of the crews. Then with 
the sailors and all their ammuni- 


tion he had put to sea with his queen on board, the native 
fleet of canoes following. He had intended to sail to Hawaii 
and conquer Kamehameha. But the sailors toward mid- 
night, at a signal they had agreed upon, had made a desperate 
attack on the natives in the dark, gained control, sent the 
king and queen ashore in a canoe at daybreak, and sailed 


KAMEHAMEHA 149 


to Hawaii. Notifying Kamehameha of the intended attack, 
they continued their voyage. It is of interest to note that 
one of the captains who was murdered had first discovered 
Honolulu Harbor, and named it, in translation, Fair Haven. 

On hearing their story, Kamehameha said the time had 
come to take the leeward islands. He had always had every 
man keep his weapons in order, to be ready at a moment’s 
notice. Without any delay he mustered the largest and best 
equipped army ever seen in the islands. In 1795 he set out 
with sixteen thousand men. Young and Davis and other 
foreigners expert with firearms went with him. Kaiana 
had responded promptly to the war call, and furnished a 
large division of warriors and canoes. The fleet darkened 
the channel as they crossed. 

They landed first at Lahaina, famed for its broad-leafed 
breadfruit trees, planted by an early king. 

“Tet the king’s troops advance,” an old warrior called at 
sight of the beautiful trees in Lahaina. ‘They shall rise 
before his enemies as the lofty breadfruit rises before the 
slender grass !”’ 

The Maui commander fled to Oahu without a battle, so that 
Kamehameha easily subdued the island. Kamehameha’s 
fleet of canoes next lined the beach at Kaunakakai on Molo- 
kai for four miles. Here with his high chiefs he held a 
council of war. 


150 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Kaiana was not invited to the council. The Kona chiefs 
he knew did not trust him. Could they in truth be deciding 
on his death? If not, why had they left him out? Restless 
and annoyed, he wandered from his quarters. Passing by 
the house where the council was being held, he stopped at 
the house of the wife of Keeaumoku, the mother of Kaa- 
humanu the queen. 

“T have come out of affection for you all,” he eal: 
“to see how you are after the sea voyage. As | was walking 
along, I found that the chiefs were holding a council. I 
was astonished that they had not informed me of it.” 

“They are discussing some secret matters, ’’ the queen’s 
mother answered. 

‘Perhaps so,” Kaiana assented, and in their conversation 
they dropped the subject. Still Kaiana’s thoughts clung to 
it, filling him with alarm and terror. 

Returning to his place, he heard a voice call to him :— 

“Come and have something to eat !” 

He recognized Kalaimoku at the door of one of the huts. 
Kalaimoku had fought with Kiwalao when he fell, but Kame- 
hameha afterwards had pardoned him and saved his life. 
On this expedition Kamehameha had given Kalaimoku 
command of a large part of the army. Nevertheless, as 
Kalaimoku and Kaiana were both related to the royal 
family of Maui, Kaiana sat down and tried to persuade 


KAMEHAMEHA 151 


him because of his relationship with the Maui family to 
turn against Kamehameha. Kalaimoku listened unmoved. 
As soon as Kaiana had gone, he went and informed Kame- 
hameha of this treason. Kamehameha listened calmly. 

In the evening the united fleets set out for Oahu. They 
sailed at night to steer by the stars. 

The next morning Kaiana’s part of the fleet was not in 
sight. Kamehameha landed with his portion of the army 
at Waialae. He expected the remainder under Kaiana 
to follow without delay. He waited for them impatiently. 
Kaiana was a brilliant leader in battle, and the men of 
Hawaii were in a hurry to attack the enemy, who had pre- 
pared for a desperate defense. Still, Kaiana’s part of the fleet 
did not appear. At last word came that Kaiana and his 
brother had landed on the other side of the island at Koolau, 
and from there joined the Oahu king in Nuuanu Valley, 
the king of Oahu having promised him the island of Maui 
if they succeeded with their combined forces in destroying 
Kamehameha. It was in vain that Kamehameha had be- 
friended Kaiana when the king of Kauai had threatened his 
life. It was in vain that Kamehameha had given Kaiana 
food and land, and aided him in numerous enterprises. 
Now when Kamehameha needed him most, Kaiana had de- 
serted him in the dark. 

“The moment is hazardous,” said the warriors; ‘but 


152 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


we can at least die like chiefs with our weapons in our 
hands.”’ ) 

Not disheartened, Kamehameha gave the order to march 
to Nuuanu Valley. ‘Press hard and take a long breath,” 
were the words of encouragement. 

Kaiana and the king of Oahu encamped in Nuuanu 
Valley, three miles from Honolulu. A_ stone wall pro- 
tected them in front. Behind them rose the steep side of 
the valley. Believing themselves safe, they defied the 
enemy with insulting gestures and taunts. The stones from 
the wall began to fall on their heads. Young was bringing 
a cannon to bear on them. A ball from the cannon killed. 
Kaiana. His loss at once spread dismay. The allied 
troops swayed, broke their ranks, and fled. The king of 
Oahu and several soldiers scrambled for their lives up the 
side of the valley, and escaped death for a while by concealing 
themselves in the Koolau range. The rest fled like flow- 
ing water. With the hoarse shouts of the pursuers close 
behind, on, on, up the valley they fled. Some, too exhausted 
to keep up, dropped by the road, an easy prey. The steep 
wooded walls of the narrowing valley packed them tighter 
and tighter. Escape cut off, panting they stood at last, 
hemmed in, at the very brink of the Pali: a sheer drop of 
about a thousand feet below them; behind, the unrelenting 
enemy. Here they faced about, determined not to surren- 


KAMEHAMEHA 153 


der, but to make a last desperate stand. They met the 
deadly weapons pointed at them, only to be driven back- 
ward. Headlong 
over the Pali they 
fell. Thus died the 
fated remnant of the 
brave Oahu army. 
A tablet now marks 
the spot. In deri- 
sion of the poor 
wretches who _ per- 
ished there, the vic- 
tors called the battle 
Kelelekaanae, the 
Leap-of-the-Mullet. 

Kahekili, after 
his conquest of 
Oahu, had ordered 
such a massacre 
that at Moanalua 
his men had built a 
house of human : 
bones. Kameha- Epet 


meha forbade the slaughter which generally followed a 
victory in those days. Kahekili’s descendants he provided 


154 THE STORY: OF HAWATL 


for liberally. He preserved Kaiana’s leg bones in the han- 
dle of a kahili, or feathered staff. To use a warrior’s bones 
thus was to honor them. The Hawaiians for many years 
pointed out the place in Nuuanu where Kaiana fell. Each 
visitor would stand in his footprints and take the attitude 
that Kaiana had taken when he threw his last spear. 

Soon after this conquest the chiefs, ready for a feast at 
Waikiki late one afternoon, waited long for their beloved 
king. At last through the coconut trees came the flash of 
his yellow mantle. Ashe approached the company, however, 
they saw that his face was sad and stern. He called his 
attendants to decorate the guests with leis of maile leaves, 
of orange-colored hala berries, of yellow ilima, fragrant 
ginger, and red lehua blossoms. He himself sat lost in 
thought, with none of his wonted graciousness. John Young, 
Isaac Davis, and Kalaimoku cast anxious glances his way. 
Suddenly he rose, and appointed Keeaumoku to take his 
place. Commanding them to remain until his return, he 
went out alone and unattended. His tall form strode forth 
from his grass house surrounded by milo trees, out of the 
palisade surrounding it, and on past its battery of guns. 
Afoot he made his way across long shadows of slim coconut 
trees, pierced by the waning sunlight. Beyond these lay 
a bare plain. Over that, at length through the paths of the 
village of Honolulu, past its two or three American stores, 


KAMEHAMEHA 


155 


he hurried, unnoticed in the deepening dusk; then out along 


the shore. Reaching the Pearl Lochs, 
he took his course toward their en- 
trance. Here the sea birds screamed 
as he swam across the lagoon. 
- On the far sand flats of Puuloa stood 
a lonely house. He stepped to the door 
and listened. Within the hut, powerful 
chiefs of Ewa, Waialula, and Waianae 
were planning a rebellion. A spy had 
informed Kamehameha of this intended 
meeting, just before the feast that he had 
left. These were the chiefs whose es- 
tates, after his conquest of Oahu, he had 
generously restored. Having listened to 
the details of their plot, disdainfully he 
thrust into the ground the well-known 
spear that had been his companion in 
sunshine and storm. Leaving it lean- 
ing against the thatch near the door, 
he retraced his steps eight miles back 
to the court where his guests still waited. 
Searcely had he disappeared in the 
darkness before the conspirators stepped 
out from the house. 


Bone Handles of Kahilis 


156 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“The spear of Kamehameha !”’ they gasped. 

Thereupon, knowing that they were discovered, they de- 
cided to throw themselves on Kamehameha’s mercy, and to 
that end hastened back to Honolulu. At dawn, crawling 
into the presence of the dread conqueror, they laid the ponder- — 
ous spear at his feet, and threw themselves on his mercy, 
repeating the usual phrases : — 

“To die perhaps; to live perhaps; upward the face; or 
downward the face.”” They awaited the death sentence. 

Kamehameha fixed his piercing eyes on them contemptu- 
ously, seeming to read their innermost thoughts. At length 
he broke the strained silence. 

“EH ola oukou, — you may live!”’ he said. 

For the first time they realized the great king’s magna- 
nimity. Henceforth no other chiefs stood by Kamehameha 
with more steadfast loyalty and devotion. 

Having conquered Oahu, Kamehameha embarked with 
his fleet from Waianae at night, to steer by the stars for 
Kauai. The fleet had sailed only a fourth of the way when 
a, kona with rain like a solid cloud and head winds struck it, 
wrecking many of the canoes in the rising sea. The wind 
in the dark swept all but three of those that remained over 
the swelling ocean blindly through the storm back to the 
Waianae beach. Although the natives there had spread 
mats over the roofs of their grass houses, and propped them 


KAMEHAMEHA 154 


with stakes, the rain poured through the mats, and the 
gale carried numbers of the huts away. 

The three canoes that were not driven back went on ai 
Kauai, expecting the others to overtake them. Numb 
with cold, the warriors rejoiced when land came in sight, not 
knowing that all save those in one of the canoes were to 
meet death at the hands of the hostile people of Kauai. 

Word now came to Kamehameha that Kaiana’s brother, 
joined by Keoua’s followers in Kau, had started an ex- 
tensive rebellion in Hawaii. They had taken Kau, Puna, 
and Hilo. Kamehameha returned, and quelled ‘the revolt. 
This was his last war. 


3. The Last Years of Kamehameha 


Ceasing his conquests, Kamehameha bent his energies 
toward organizing and improving his kingdom. It was 
the beginning of better days for Hawaii. He appointed 
the four great Kona chiefs who had helped him, and Kalai- 
moku, a council of which Keeaumoku was the head. With- 
out their advice he never decided any important measure. 
On each island he placed a governor whom he could trust. 
He so protected the common people that the saying was: 
“The old men and the children were safe when lying asleep 
on the paths.” 


158 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


At this time his chiefs brought before him, with their 
families, the trembling fishermen who, in his early raid at 
Puna, had beaten him on the head with their paddles. The 
chiefs advised him to have these two fishermen and their 
families stoned to death. Kamehameha forbade it. To 
protect them and others, he proclaimed at the foot of 
Waianuenue street in Hilo his Mamalahoa, or Splintered- 
Paddle law, which punished with death any one attacking 
unoffending people. 

During six years Kamehameha’s canoe builders toiled 
in the forest back of Hilo, hollowing out long trees for a 
fleet to attempt again the conquest of the Garden Island. 
They made canoes, wide and deep, large enough to carry 
men and stores for a long voyage. Each was supplied with 
round canoe-breaking stones tied with coconut cord to sling 
against the craft of the enemy. The Hawaiian canoes were 
the swiftest and the best finished in the Pacific. 

At length this beautiful fleet, called the Pelelu, was 
launched, the polished paddles glistening in the sun. 
On the way to Kauai, Kamehameha went ashore at 
Lahaina. During his stay there, a captain landed the first 
horse on the islands. As the animal pawed and pranced 
about, Kamehameha mounted it, and galloped off amid 
incredulous shouting. He built several heiaus for his war 
god at Lahaina, one of which was dedicated by his five- 


KAMEHAMWHA 159 


year-old son Liholiho. This was the first public duty 
performed by the little prince. | 

After the fleet arrived at Honolulu, a pestilence attacked 
Kamehameha’s forces. Raging not only among the troops, it 
carried off half the people of the island. All Kamehameha’s 
chief counselors except Kalaimoku perished. Kamehameha 
believed that the gods, opposing his conquest of Kauai, had 
prevented it a second time, and, disheartened with the loss 
of so many men, he gave it up. Again Kauai escaped. 

In 1810 Kaumualii, the king of Kauai, in order to save his 
island the desolation of war, offered to surrender himself and 
acknowledge Kamehameha as his sovereign. Kamehameha 
insisted on his coming to Honolulu to do itin person. Dread- 
ing the fate of Keoua, Kaumualii took passage in the ship 
of an American captain, after the Kauaians had made the 
captain leave his first mate as a hostage. Kamehameha 
received and entertained Kaumualii royally, in spite of the 
efforts of the chiefs to persuade Kamehameha to kill him. 
He told Kaumualii to remain king of Kauai, with the under- 
standing that Liholiho should be his heir. In this way the 
Garden Island, which had never been conquered, became a 
part of Kamehameha’s dominion. 

Some of the chiefs in Kamehameha’s train were dissatis- 
fied that Kauai was not to be divided among them. They 
plotted secretly to poison Kaumualii during a banquet at 


160 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Waikiki. Isaac Davis heard of it, and warned Kaumualii 
in time to escape to Kauai. For this good deed the chiefs 
afterwards poisoned Davis. 

During the War of 1812 between England and the United 
States, an American captain advised Kamehameha to take 
down the British flag. It had floated over his house ever 
since Vancouver had raised it, although England had never 
accepted the cession of Hawaii. The captain said the 
British flag might involve the islands in the war. Kame- 
hameha thereupon substituted a flag of his own —the first 
Hawaiian flag. It was made from the design presented by 
another captain, and had the English Jack in the upper 
corner, and eight stripes of red, blue, and white for the 
eight islands. | 

A few years later a Russian ship, sent by the governor 
of Alaska, anchored at Honolulu, where the Russians with 
their Kodiak Indians from Alaska built a blockhouse, 
mounted it with guns, and hoisted the Russian flag. Kame- 
hameha at once sent Kalaimoku with a large force to watch 
them. The night after Kalaimoku arrived at Honolulu, 
the Russians sailed for Kauai. It is said that Kaumualii 
gave them Hanalei Valley. They built forts at Waimea 
and Hanalei, and once more raised the Russian flag. In 
the meanwhile, by the advice and under the direction of 
John Young, Kalaimoku built a fort to command the 


KAMEHAMEHA 161 


harbor of Honolulu. About forty guns, six eight-pounders 
and twelve-pounders, were mounted on it. Kamehameha, 
convinced that the Russians designed taking the islands, 


sent a messenger to tell Kaumualii to order them to go. 


Old Fort at Honolulu 


They departed submissively and without delay, leaving as 
evidence of their short stay only the two forts at Hanalei 
and Waimea, now in ruins. 

Soon ships were coming to the islands more and more 
frequently. There grew up a thriving trade in sandalwood. 
Great was the demand for it in Canton, where the Chinese 
made fancy articles of it, and burnt it as incense. Probably 
most of the sandalwood forests of Hawaii went up there 


in smoke. Kamehameha bought a ship of one captain for 
STORY OF HAWAII—I11 


162 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


twice her fill of sandalwood, and named her Kaahumanu. 
The king and the chiefs sent multitudes of people into the 
mountains for months at a time to obtain the fragrant wood. 
Kamehameha, interested in conservation, objected when he 
saw men bringing young sticks. 
“Why do you bring the small wood down?” he asked. 
“You are an old man, and will soon die,” they answered ; 
“and we know not whose the sandalwood will be hereafter.” 
“Indeed,’’ Kamehameha exclaimed; ‘‘do you not know 
my sons? To them the young sandalwood belongs.”’ 
Twenty-five hundred people passed through Waimea with 
the wood to be shipped to China strapped on their backs. 
One man sometimes carried a hundred and _ thirty-three 
pounds. The chiefs became wealthy. In one year they 
sent away four hundred thousand dollars’ worth of sandal- 
wood. But after the common people had been in the 
mountains, forced to neglect their crops, a famine followed. 
To relieve the distress, Kamehameha set his retinue at Kailua 
to planting. He divided a wide tract of land into fields of 
several acres each. The ground in one field he cultivated 
himself, as an example to the people, and he would eat only 
what he himself had raised. This field went by his name. 
It is said that afterwards for many years no weeds grew 
in it. The other fields were called by the names of his 
friends and companions, who kept them well stocked with 


KAMEHAMEHA 163 


potatoes and other vegetables. After planting his field, 
Kamehameha prayed to Lono for a blessing of rain : — 
‘““A prayer I direct to you, O Lono: 
Let the low-hanging cloud pour out its rain to make the crops flourish ; 
Wring out the dark rain clouds 
Of Lono in the heavens.”’ 


yyy 
HSM i 
+ i eS 
2 MUNG * 


Honolulu in 1815 


Toward the end of his life, Kamehameha heard that the 
people of Tahiti had a new worship called the Christian 
religion. Desiring to know about it, he inquired of a 
foreigner who could not answer his questions. 

In May of 1818 an exciting topic of conversation engaged 
the Hawaiians, — the mysterious advent of a large fighting 


164 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


ship, full of men from a country unknown, a ship loaded with 
crosses and cups and other objects of silver and gold. The 
reckless crew, who had plenty of money, caroused ashore, 
yet would not tell who they were. Kamehameha purchased 
the warship and the whole of its valuable cargo at what 
was considered a low price—for eight hundred thousand 
pounds of sandalwood. Suddenly he gave orders : — 

“Distribute the strangers among the chiefs! Let each 
be answerable for those under his charge !”’ 

One of the crew, when ashore, in an unguarded moment, 
under the influence of liquor, had let out the story of their 
cruise. These sailors were pirates who had captured a 
sloop of war fitted up by the government of the South Ameri- 
can province of La Plata. On rounding Cape Horn, the 
sailors had mutinied, secured command of the guns, and, 
seizing the captain and officers, confined them in irons until 
they could send them ashore at Valparaiso. The master’s 
mate had assumed the name of the former captain, and 
taken command of theship. After seizing towns and robbing 
and burning churches along the Chilian coast, he had ordered 
their first lieutenant ashore with forty men, and then steered 
for Hawaii to sell the warship. 

Before long the lieutenant, with the forty men who had 
been left behind, arrived in a brig which they had taken. 
In high dudgeon the lieutenant demanded the warship. 


KAMEHAMEHA 165 © 


Kamehameha told him that his company were all robbers, 
and that he would hold the ship for the owners. He had 
the ship hauled inshore and guarded with the guns double 
- shotted. 

Four months later a Spanish frigate from Buenos Ayres 
came to Hawaii after the strange sloop of war and its crew. 
Kamehameha immediately gave over the ship and its cargo, 
and sent out messengers to order that the pirates be delivered 
up to justice. The captain had already escaped. 

There were other undesirable visitors. Convicts from 
Australia had introduced the distilling of liquor. Kame- 
hameha, after deciding that its effects were injurious, re- 
fused to touch it himself. Near the close of his life, he 
deemed that the time had come to take a decided stand to 
save his people from the encroaching evil. Wishing to 
make the occasion a memorable one, he had an immense grass 
house built at Kailua, Hawaii, solely for this purpose. He 
sent out heralds to summon his chiefs to the new building. 
From all over the island they poured into Kailua, — from 
South Kona, from Kau, from Hamakua, even from away be- 
yond —from Puna and Hilo. When Kamehameha knew 
that they were all gathered under the roof, waiting in wonder 
to hear what his command would be, he came forth in his 
magnificent mamo cloak, and stood, drawn up to his full 
height, with all eyes fastened on him. 


166 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“Return to your homes,” his deep voice commanded, 
“ond destroy every distillery on the island! Make no 
more intoxicating liquors !”’ 

As soon as the last chief had gone out, the great house 
was torn down. 

When Kamehameha was eighty-two years old, he fell 
fatally ill. 

“Go thou and make petitions to the bird god,” he said to 
Liholiho; ‘I am unable to go, and will offer a prayer at 
home.” 

His devoted people built a new heiau for his war god. 

“The sickness will be cured by it,” they said. 

Still he suffered. At last they suggested offering human 
sacrifices. At this the people fled and hid themselves in 
dread of the mu, the man who would secure the victims. 
Although in great pain, Kamehameha forbade these sacri- 
fices. “The men are sacred to the king,” he said. 

John Young and some of the chiefs consulted together 
and were persuaded that astimulant of brandy would help 
their suffering sovereign. They disguised it in an eggnog. 
On hands and knees an attendant crawled into the presence 
of the king, bearing the cup. Instantly smelling the brandy, 
Kamehameha dashed the beverage into the face of the at- 
tendant, indignant that any one should offer him what he 
had vowed not to touch. 


KAMEHAMEHA 167 


Again Kamehameha asked an American trader about the 
white man’s god. The trader was silent. As a native later 
told the missionaries, ‘He no tell him.’’ 

At evening Kamehameha, adhering to the old tabus in 
spite of his pain, let the chiefs carry him to the eating 
house. Kaikioewa, a descendant of the early Spaniards, 
besought him : — 

“Here we all are, your younger brethren, your son Liho- 
liho and your foreigners. Give us your dying charge that 
Liholiho and Kaahumanu may hear.”’ 

“What do you say ?”’ the king murmured. 

“Your counsels for us,’’” Kaikioewa repeated. 

“Move on in my good way,’ and Kamehameha could 
say no more. 

John Young embraced him. A chief whom Kamehameha 
had named Hoapili, Companion, bent over him. Kameha- 
meha pulled him down, and whispered in his ear. 

That night the great king died. The next morning the 
high priest Hewahewa named the number of victims needed 
for human sacrifice. Kalaimoku and another chief, over- 
come with grief, offered themselves, but Hewahewa re- 
fused to take their lives. Hoapili carried out Kamehameha’s 
last charge to him. He hid his bones in a cave in North 
Kona, which has never been revealed. 

The sorcerers at once set up a tapa flag near a fire to learn 


168 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


who had caused Kamehameha’s death. They tried in vain 
to make the natives believe Kaahumanu guilty. The people 
burned their faces and knocked out their teeth to show their 
sorrow. There was wailing day and night over the whole 
group of islands. Hawaii had lost a king of whom any 


nation might be proud. 


CHAPTER VIII 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 


A VAST multitude waited outside the old heiau near 
Kailua. The sun shone on dazzling feather capes worn by 
the chiefs for a great occasion, 
and on the bristling muskets of 
the soldiers who had formed the 
army of Kamehameha. Behind 
these it burnished many a brown 
back of the common people, who 
crowded up to see and hear what 
was going to take place. At last 
the gate of the heiau opened. 
The young king, Liholiho, came 
‘forth. He was arrayed in a long 
red feather cloak, and attended 
on either side by high chiefs in 


Kamehameha II 


feather helmets and mantles, 

carrying magnificent kahilis, feathered staffs, eighteen feet 

across and thirty feet high. The tall and stately Kaahu- 

manu, in royal feather cloak and helmet, and bearing the 
169 


170 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


spear of Kamehameha, advanced with measured tread to 
meet him. As they came together, she turned and held the 
multitude with her commanding eyes. 

“Hear, ye heavens!” she called. ‘‘I make known to you, 
Liholiho, the will of your father. Behold these chiefs, and 
the men of your father, and these your guns, and this your 
land ; — but you and I will share the realm together.”’ 

Because of Kamehameha’s esteem and affection for Kaa- 
humanu, and the lack of great qualities in his son, he had 
originated for her this high office in the kingdom, to be 
filled henceforth by a woman. Liholiho should bear the 
title of Kamehameha II, but should have no authority to 
do anything without the joint consent of Kaahumanu. 
Kamehameha had recognized Kaahumanu’s clear under- 
standing, and during his lifetime had intrusted her with 
the power of condemnation and acquittal: life and death 
had been in her hands. Now after his death in 1819 she 
was ready to show her master spirit by courageously making 
a declaration before this assembly, that no other chief then 
living would have dared make in public. Leaning on the 
spear of Kamehameha, she spoke slowly and impressively 
so that all might understand : — 

“Tf you wish to continue to observe your father’s laws, it 
is well, and we will not molest you. But as for me and my 
people, we intend that husband’s food and wife’s food shall 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 171 


be cooked in the same oven, and that they shall be permitted 
to eat out of the same calabash. We intend to eat pork 
and bananas and coconuts, and to live as the white people 
do. If you think differently, you are at liberty to do so. 
But as for me and my people, we are resolved to be free.” 
She turned to the king: ‘‘Let us henceforth disregard the 
restraints of the tabu.!’”’ 

Liholiho, not daring to give his consent, remained silent. 

After the king had refused Kaahumanu’s proposal, his 
mother, Keopuolani, was touched with love and pity for 
her. She feared that Kaahumanu might have to suffer the 
penalty of broken tabu. Keopuolani, the daughter of Ki- 
walao, Kamehameha had brought from Maui and married 
because of her very high rank. In the evening, to show that 
she sided with Kaahumanu, she dispatched a servant to 
Liholiho, bravely requesting him to send his younger brother, 
the child Kaukeaouli, to eat with her. 

“Who sent you with such a message?”’ Liholiho asked 
the servant in surprise. When he heard that it was Keo- 
puolani, he exclaimed, “Kamehameha, our father, com- 
manded us to observe the tabu. But now since, the mother 
of this child has sent for him to break the tabu, I will go 
myself and see the act, and learn if any harm shall follow.” 

After leading his younger brother to Keopuolani, Liholiho 
watched them closely. They ate together in safety. 


172 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Liholiho, or Kamehameha II, took this time to conse- 
crate heiaus at Kawaihaeand Honokohau. At both places 
people who had already broken the tabus flocked to the 
heiaus and prevented him from uttering a perfect aha, or 
prayer. At the last place, while he was trying to secure 
silence during the prayer, there came a messenger from 
Kaahumanu, who approached him with respect. 


dy 


“T am sent by your guardian,’ said the messenger, “to 
request that when you return to Kailua, you will bring your 
idol wrapped in a ti leaf.”’ 

This was Kaahumanu’s humorous way of asking the king 
to give up worshiping his idol and break the tabus. Liho- 
liho bowed his head as though assenting. 

“Let us both remain,’ urged Kamehameha’s nephew 
Kekuaokalani, the God-of-Heaven. “There is fish at the 
seaside. There is food inland.” 

Kekuaokalani was the keeper of Kamehameha’s war god, 
and he feared if Liholiho returned to Kailua, Kaahumanu 
would persuade him to give up the tabus. 

Liholiho and his retainers, nevertheless, pushed off in 
canoes. Drifting about at sea for two days in sight of the 
shore, Liholiho drank to brace up his courage. On the eve- 
ning of the second day, Kaahumanu sent out a double canoe 
for him in which he was rowed to Kailua. 

There Kaahumanu had prepared a great feast. She had 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 173 


invited all the chiefs and persons of trust and influence on 
Hawaii. In a long thatched building upon two mats stood 
calabashes of poi, and long wooden platters laden with raw 
fish and squid and whole roasted pigs and chickens that had 
been cooked under ground. A savory cdor came from the 
limu, or seaweed, and the roasted kukui nuts. Heavy 
wooden bowls inlaid with teeth of enemies stood to receive 
fish bones and banana peels. In response to the king’s 
bidding, the men sat down about one mat, and the women 
about the other. For the first time in centuries men and 
women were sitting to eat under the same roof in defiance of 
the tabu. The multitude of common people surrounding 
the house thrust in their heads at every door and window 
and hole in the thatch, staring open-mouthed at the astonish- 
ing sight! They watched the guests, who dipped their 
fingers into calabashes of water, and then, instead of reach- 
ing at once for food, gazed at each other in fear. One old 
chief put his hand out, but it trembled, and he drew it back 
again. Another seized a portion of food and raised it almost 
to his mouth, and then with a look of fright let it fall. 

“Cut up these chickens and this pig.’’ Liholiho had 
turned to John Young. 

As Young finished the carving, Liholiho bade his attend- 
ants carry the platters of chicken and pork to the women. 
This was food that women had never touched — food that 


174 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


was tabu for women. The king followed the attendants 
a few steps. He hesitated. He walked around the mat 
where the men reclined as though making sure that they 
were well supplied. Suddenly he dashed toward the other 
mat. Seating himself by the queens, he began eating with 
zest the chicken and the pork, telling them to partake with 
him. The highest had set an example. The crowds, peering 
in from outside, watched with bulging eyes to see these 
people who had broken the tabus drop dead. All at once 
they joined in a glad shout :— 

“The tabus are at an end! The gods are a lie ee 

Attendants provided them all with food, and the common 
men and women ate together as the chiefs were doing. 

Near the king sat Hewahewa, the high priest, with his 
strong face heavily tattooed. That night he was as great 
in power as the king. The next day, because of his own act, 
he would rank only as a common man. His name is re- 
membered as that of one who cared more for the truth and 
his people than for himself or position. After he had whis- 
pered to the king, Liholiho ordered : — 

“Destroy the temples and the idols!” 

The multitude stood up and followed their high priest. 
At sight of the hideous idols in front of the first heiau, many 
drew back. Fora woman to look at them, even accidentally, 
had meant death. Women had been hurled over a precipice 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 175 


facing the sea, on the rocks below, for glancing into the gate 
of the tabu heiau. Hewahewa gave up his office, and with 
his own hand held the first lighted torch to his heathen tem- 
ple. The king followed his example without being harmed. 
Gradually the courage of the people revived. They began 
in earnest the work of destroying the dreaded places of their 
idols. Hewahewa and the king and Kaahumanu then made 
a decree abolishing idolatry on Hawaii. They sent messen- 
gers to the other islands to proclaim the tabus at an end. 
Kaumualii on Kauai rejoiced when he heard it. All the 
islands united in a jubilee over their new freedom. 

Several priests of Pele, however, at a heiau on the sum- 
mit of a precipice over Kilauea-iki denounced the people for 
giving up their idols, threatening the most awful earthquakes 
and eruptions from the gods of the volcano. As nothing 
came of it, many of the people knew now more surely that 
these idols had only been gods in their imagination. But 
Kekuaokalani, the keeper of the war god, refused to give 
up his old religion, and retired to Kaawaloa. He was a 
favorite among the people, and young and brave. The 
priests flocked around him. 

“Of all the wicked deeds of wicked kings in past ages for 
which they lost their kingdoms,” they said, ‘‘none was equal 
to this of Liholiho.”’ 

Working on the fears of the people, they gradually added 


176 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


to their followers. Some important members of the court 
deserted the king, and joined them. They quoted an 
ancient Hawaiian proverb : “A religious chief shall possess: 
the kingdom, but irreligious chiefs shall always be poor,” 
and offered Kekuaokalani the crown. | 

Kaahumanu became aware of the king’s danger when 
Kekuaokalani’s party at Hamakua killed two of the king’s 
followers. She called a council to discuss the rebellion and 
to decide whether to send the army to Hamakua. 

“Tt is not good policy to carry on war in that quarter,” 
said Kalaimoku; ‘for Kekuaokalani, the source of the war 
is at Kaawaloa. To that place let our forces be directed. 
The fray at Hamakua is a leaf of the tree. I would lay the 
ax at the root; that being destroyed, the leaves will, of 
course, wither.” 

His remarks received approval. The king was prepared 
for war. A few months before he had bought of an American 
trader eleven thousand dollars’ worth of muskets and ammu- 
nition. Nevertheless, the council appointed Hoapili and 
the orator Naihe to go as ambassadors and try peaceful 
measures first. Hoapili would be well received, as he was 
Kekuaokalani’s uncle. Naihe, the eloquent orator, all 
would respect, for orators held their office from father to 
son, greatly honored. 

Keopuolani, the queen mother and the highest chiefess 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMFHA Iti Wi 


in the land, bravely offered to go too. Her sacred person 
had awed the enemy in battle. She was a tabu chiefess 
upon whom in early life the sun had never. been permitted 
to shine. Only at evening, when the sun was so low as not 
to throw its beams upon her head, had she been allowed to 
walk abroad, and then all who saw her prostrated themselves. 
Because of her rank, even Kamehameha had always ap- 
proached her on his knees. 

The three set out, and arrived at the camp of Kekuao- 
kalani the same evening. 

“Attend. I am sent to you on business,” Hoapili ad- 
dressed Kekuaokalani. ‘‘Look at me; you are my sister’s 
son. I am come for you. Let us go to Kailua to the king, 
for the common people are fighting, and they lay the blame 
of it on you, and the charge has an appearance of truth, 
inasmuch as you live by yourself at a distance from the king. 
Let us return to Kailua and live with Liholiho, that the 
charge of this rebellion may not rest upon you. At least 
visit the king and confer with him. As to whether you 
shall break the ancient tabu or not, you may do as you 
choose.”’ 

“Very well, I will go,’’ responded Kekuaokalani; “but 
wait a little. I must first talk with Manono, my wife. I 
will go, but understand, I shall not eat in any way to break 
the old tabu.” 


STORY OF HAWAII— 12 


178 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“Kill _Hoapili and Keopuolani on the spot,’’ urged the 
angry rebels around Kekuaokalani, but he would not listen. 

That night heralds publicly cried the order among Kekuao- 
kalani’s followers : — 

“Make your canoes ready for an expedition to Kailua to 
join in breaking up the old tabus.” 

The king’s ambassadors, hearing the cry, believed they 
had succeeded in establishing peace. 

In the morning a surprise awaited them. Kekuaokalani 
and his men came forth with guns and long spears and 
torches. Marshaling themselves in ranks, they stood be- 
fore the envoys of the king in battle array. 

The rebel chief sat down before Hoapili and Keopuolani 
and Naihe. 

“Tg this the manner in which we are going?” Hoapili 
asked. 

“Yes,” answered Kekuaokalani. “You will follow us in 
the canoes. I and my company will go inland, where there 
are men to prepare food and ovens to bake it, else we shall 
die of hunger.”’ 

“Arrange as you please about the men,’’ said Hoapili. 
“You yourself must accompany me. Let the men go by 
land. You are the one for whom I came.” 

“T ghall not go by sea,” announced the rebel chief; “I 
and mine shall go by land.” 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 179 


Then Keopuolani understood that the cries of the evening 
before had been given to deceive them, and that the rebels 
stood prepared for war. 

“Brother,” she said, turning to Hoapili, “it is of no use 
— cut the cord of friendship.” 

Thankful to get away, the ambassadors returned at once 
to Kailua. 

“Tt is a wonder that you see me,’ Keopuolani said, with 
the tears flowing down her cheeks, as she met the king. “I 
barely escaped with my life. Friendly meetings are ended. 
The work that remains for you to do is the work of death.” 

That night Kaahumanu and her general Kalaimoku gave 
out the guns. Kalaimoku arranged the forces in nine bat- 
talions. The same night, Kekuaokalani’s army came, 
intending to surprise Kailua, not knowing that the ambas- 
sadors had arrived there first. Kalaimoku delayed the 
engagement as long as he could. The next morning, early, 
he sent a message addressing the young chief as his son 
and requesting him to refrain from war till they could have 
an interview and if possible come to an agreement. But 
Kekuaokalani rejected the message, and the messenger had 
to jump into the sea and swim to save his life. The royal. 
army, ready for action under. command of Kalaimoku, then 
marched to meet the rebels. Kaikioewa, of Spanish descent, 
gorgeous in feather cloak and helmet, led a company of 


180 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


fifty picked men. The rebel army occupied the crater-like 
hollow in a wide tract of lava four miles north of Kaawaloa. 

Before the battle Kalaimoku addressed his men :— 

“Be calm, be voiceless, be valiant! Drink of the bitter 
waters, my sons. Turn not back! Onward unto death !” 

Kekuaokalani on the other side brought forth before his 
rebel army the war god. He offered it human bones, and 
prayed : — 

“Here is your victim which I now give to you. Think 
kindly toward me, and give me all these lands that 1 may 
be the king of them. Let other chiefs fall before me, and 
let me stand alone that I may be above all.” 

With his war god in front, Kekuaokalani marched to 
battle. As the king’s army came up, a scouting party of 
the rebels gave a volley that killed so many of Liholiho’s 
men that his army had to fall back under cover of a stone 
wall. If the rebels had numbered as many and had had as 
many firearms and as much ammunition as the king’s army 
had, the battle might have continued in their favor. Find- 
ing the party opposed to them small, Kaikioewa leaped the 
wall, calling on his men to follow, and ordering a general 
advance of the whole line. Soon a musket ball wounded 
him in the thigh, and he fell. As his men raised a wail 
and crowded around him, he partly lifted himself, and or- 
dered them to leave him, and press on after the enemy. 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 181 


For some time the rebels made a successful resistance, but 
the royal army outflanked them, and drove them toward the 
seashore. Here they were fired upon from the squadron of 
double canoes under command of the dauntless Kaahumanu. 

The rebel lines became more and more broken. Kekuao- 
kalani, though wounded, fought on gallantly, rallying his 
flying soldiers. At last a ball struck him down. Unable 
to stand, he sat on a fragment of lava, and as his enemies 
came on, loaded and fired his musket twice. Another ball 
pierced him through the breast. His wife, Manono, fighting 
steadily and courageously by his side, saw him fall and cover 
his face with his feather cloak to die. Turning, she called to 
Kalaimoku and his sister for quarter. But the words had 
hardly left her lips when a ball struck her on the forehead, 
and she fell lifeless, upon the body of her husband. After 
the fall of their leader, the rebels made a feeble resistance. 
At sunset the royal army had scattered them. 

In the moment of victory Kalaimoku forbade the usual 
pursuit of the defeated. He buried Kekuaokalani and Ma- 
nono near the sea, and had an oblong pile of stones raised 
over the spot where they had fallen. Small stones around 
it marked the graves of Kekuaokalani’s friends who had 
stood by him to the last. Afterwards, morning glory vines 
covered the stones, the last resting place of these two who 
had fought so bravely for so mistaken a cause. 


182 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“The case is now fairly tested,’ the people said after 
the battle; ‘‘the army with the idols was weak; the army 
without the idols was strong and victorious. There is no 
power in the gods. They are vanity and a lie.”’ Some of 
their idols the natives cast into the sea; others they burnt. 

Hoapili with a force in Hamakua made short work of the 
insurrection there. One of the leaders, a young chief, was 
captured in a cave in the upper part of Waipio Valley, 
and brought down to Kailua. Liholiho, inclined to in- 
temperance, went to see the captured chief, and invited 
him to drink. 

“T don’t feel like it,”’ the captive responded ; “I am afraid 
I shall die.”’ 

Kaahumanu summoned the prisoner. At her stern re- 
proof for his ingratitude and treachery to her and the king, 
he quailed before her. 

“Yet,” she added, ‘‘you need not fear for your life. I 
will command my people not to kill you; but I shall make 
you a poor man. I will take away all your lands, but spare 
your life. You may go now.” 

Thus Kaahumanu with all power took charge of the king- 
dom. According to the ancient custom, Liholiho wished 
to take back the lands for redistribution among his favorites. 
Kaahumanu wisely prevented this, so that the lands for 
the most part remained as Kamehameha I had divided them. 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 183 


At this time, to Hawaii, a country without a religion, 
eroping in darkness, came the light. Kamehameha, by 
uniting the islands under one government, thus putting 
an end to the constant wars, and Kaahumanu, by abolishing 
the tabus and idolatry, had prepared the way for Christian 
civilization. 

The tears of a Hawaiian youth in far Connecticut moved 
the hearts of men and women there to go on a mission to 
Hawaii, braving the long and perilous ocean voyage. ‘This 
youth, Obookiah, after having been brought up at Keala- 
kekua to be a priest, had shipped on a whaler to Connecti- 
cut. He was studying in New Haven in order to take back 
to his people a knowledge of the Christian religion, when 
he fell ill. His dying appeal not to forget his country ied 
seven devoted men and women to consecrate their lives to 
giving the Hawaiians the light of Christianity. 

After a service of prayer, the new teachers left Boston on 
the brig Thaddeus, in October, to sail around Cape Horn, 
then the only route to Hawaii from the United States. 
Among the seven teachers with their wives were a printer, 
a doctor, a farmer, and a mechanic. George Kaumualii, the 
son of the king of Kauai, and two other Hawaiian youths who 
had been in America, accompanied them. They instructed 
the Americans in their language during the tediously long 
voyage of eighteen thousand miles, on a slow sailing ship. 


184 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Toward the end of March, at early morning, the little 
company who had voyaged one hundred and fifty-seven days, 
were rejoiced to see Mauna Kea lifting its snow-crowned sum- 
mit in the west. After watching it all day, one of the 
Hawaiian youths even stayed up all night to have a glim- 
mering view of the white peak. The next morning the coast 
of Hawaii appeared. The shores were furrowed with valleys 
and streams; midway from the sea to the summit of Mauna 
Kea, a dark forest of koa and ohia trees stretched like a 
belt across the mountain. At last the villages and then 
the people came into sight. Soon the natives were paddling 
around the ship in crowded canoes. 

“Wahine maikai !— good women !”’ they exclaimed, when 
they saw the kind faces of the white women. 

The captain sent an officer ashore with two of the Hawaiian 
boys. After three hours, they returned, and called out 
their news in wonder : — 

“Liholiho is king. The tabus are abolished. The idols — 
are burnt. There has been war. Now there is peace.” 

Kalaimoku, neatly dressed in foreign clothes, cordial and 
dignified, boarded the newship, accompanied by the twoqueen | 
dowagers. With the kind manners of a civilized gentleman, 
he gave each of the newcomers in turn a warm hand clasp. 
One of the queens requested the American ladies to make her 
a white dress while they sailed along the coast, to wear on 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA IIT 185 


meeting the king. At Kailua the ships dropped anchor. 
Above them, on the fort built by Kamehameha I, two hide- 
ous gigantic idols, each carved out of an immense tree, 
spoke silently of the past. It was one hundred and sixty- 
three days since the company 
on board had left Boston. 
As soon as the king should 
grant them permission, they 
would abide here. The queen 
dowager went ashore, arrayed 
in her new white dress. A 
shout greeted her from hun- 
dreds of throats! Because 
the dress was so loose that 
she could run or stand in it, 


the natives called it a holoku, 
run-stand. When the white 
ladies landed the next day, throngs of people followed them, 


Kalaimoku 


running along their path, and peering under their poke 
bonnets to see their faces. 

“They are white, and have hats. They look well,” the 
natives commented. 

Kaahumanu and Keopuolani sent the new ladies a present 
of sweet potatoes, coconuts, bananas, sugar cane, bread- 
fruit, and fresh fish, expressing their joy that they had come. 


186 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Kaahumanu’s gentle and noble-looking brother, Kuakini, 
in height head and shoulders above all other men, treated 
the newcomers with kind hospitality. The former high 
priest, Hewahewa, too, was cordial in his welcome. 

“T knew,” Hewahewa said to the teachers, “that the 
wooden images of gods carved by our own hands could not 
supply our wants, but I worshiped them because it was a 
custom of our fathers. These images never made taro to 
grow, nor sent us rain. Neither did they bestow life or 
health. My thought has always been, there is only one 
great God, dwelling in the heavens.”’ 

By an old regulation no foreigners could remain on the 
islands for a long time without the consent of the king and 
his council. Bad white men tried to persuade the king not 
to let the new teachers stay. Foremost among these was 
John Rives, the king’s boon drinking companion, a young 
French adventurer. John Young, on the other hand, used 
his influence to keep the teachers. The king did not under- 
stand about the new learning, and was not sure that it would 
be good for his people. After asking a teacher to write his 
name, he studied it awhile. 

“Tt looks neither like myself nor any other man,” he re- 
marked. 

Two weeks later, a full council of the chiefs decided 
to let the new teachers settle on the islands for one year. 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 187 


If in that time they proved unworthy, they were to be 
sent away. The chiefs asked to have two of the mission 
families stay at Kailua. The rest they sent to Honolulu. 

At that time the brown village of Honolulu, a cluster of 
huts looking like haystacks, seemed set in a desert with 
scarcely a tree or a flower. 'Kalaimoku’s younger brother, 
Boki, named after Kahikili’s dog, was governor of Oahu. 
He gave the teachers sent there a piece of barren ground 
to build on, away from the village of Honolulu and a long 
distance from any firewood or water. 

Kaumualii begged to have two teachers on Kauai. On 
their arrival with his son George, he fired a salute of twenty- 
one guns. The sight of his son George, Kaumualii said, 
made his heart so joyful that he could not talk much that 
day. He gave George two large chests of clothing, the fort, 
and the whole valley of Waimea, and made him second in 
command on Kauai. The teachers too he welcomed royally, 
offering to build them houses. King Kaumualii was the 
first of his nation to learn to read and write. 

That autumn Liholiho moved his court first to Lahaina 
and thence to Honolulu, obliging two of the teachers to go 
withhim. Four hundred and seventy-five passengers, besides 
livestock, crowded the little vessel. On Liholiho’s coming 
to Honolulu the voice of his crier was heard calling that pigs, 
dogs, poi, and other food must be provided for him. 


188 THE STORY: OF HAWAly 


The king, accustomed to having his wishes gratified 
regardless of others, now ordered one of the already over- 
burdened white ladies to make him, at short notice, twelve 
ruffled shirts and a broadcloth suit. Never having done 
any tailoring before, the tired teacher puzzled over the task, 
perplexed how to accomplish it, until at last she thought 
of away. She ripped a shirt and a suit of her husband’s, 
increased the size for the pattern, and, by working hard, 
managed to satisfy the monarch. Meanwhile the weak and 
pleasure-loving king let a crowd of worthless vagabonds 
around him lead him into drinking and debt. For mirrors 
not worth $50, he paid as much as $800 and $1000. After 
wasting the stores and treasures of his father, he compelled 
the common people to bring sandalwood from the moun- 
tains, that he might have more wealth to squander, until 
they cried out :— 

“Rum is a poison god, and debt a moth which consumes 
the islands !”’ 

For a year the white teachers lived in grass huts that, 
without floors, were so damp in rainy weather that the ladies 
suffered ill health. At last a wooden frame house arrived, 
sent out from Boston around Cape Horn for the mission. 
But before it could be set up, their enemies spread the story 
that the house was dangerous, saying the cellar was to hold 
firearms. Hearing this, the king refused to let them 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 189 


build. The ladies went to him and told how differently 
they had lived in wooden houses before they had come 
to Hawaii to teach his people, and how ill they had been 
in the wet grass huts. His heart was touched, and he 
allowed them to erect the first wooden house on. the 


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The Old Mission House 


islands. They built it where it still stands, on King Street, 
a quaint two-story structure with tiny rooms, that once 
made a home for four mission families and the twenty-two 
native children whom they cared for and taught. Here 
the white women, often weary with overwork, took turns 
in cooking for a table of fifty. 

In spite of the influence of bad white men, the king was 
friendly to the new teachers, and eager to learn of them. 


190 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


One day, as he opened his writing desk, he said he expected 
more advantage from that desk than from his brig The 
Pride of Hawaii lying at anchor off Waikiki — and for 
the craft he had paid $40,000. With great perseverance, the 
young king often sat studying beside his desk all day until 
sunset, stopping only to eat. In three months he was read- 
ing the New Testament. At first he granted the privilege of 
learning to read only to people of rank. Chief-like men and 
women of all ages, gray heads and young mothers with babies 
in their arms, crowded about the one book held by the teacher. 
So great was the demand for teachers that Kalaimoku carried 
off on his shoulder the little five-year-old son of one of the 
pastors, to be his teacher of the alphabet. When the next 
ship with teachers arrived, the king, although in need of the 
money from the harbor dues, wrote the following letter to 
the captain : — 

“Captain Clashy ; — Aloha. This is my communication to you: You 
have done well in bringing hither the new teachers. You shall pay 
nothing on account of the harbor — nothing at all. 


‘Aloha ino oe. 
“Tijholiho Iolani.” 


The school for the chiefs was at Waikiki. At three 
o’clock in the afternoon, a herald blew a conch shell as a 
signal to be ready. In an hour the chiefs assembled. Here 
the young princess Nahienaena, nine years old, dressed in 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 191 


black satin with a black satin hat and feather, would come 


seated on the shoulder of a stout man, her feet resting on 
his folded arms, her right arm tight around his forehead, a 


train of twenty or thirty 
boys and girls of her own 
age always following her. 
She was a pretty and well- 
behaved child. Another 
bright pupil, a little girl 
of eight, had had one eye 
entirely scooped out, be- 
cause she had broken the 
tabus by eating a banana. 
If she had been older, she 
would have lost her life 
for doing it. Keopuolani, 
the queen mother, pitched 


Nahienaena in 1825 


her tent close by a grove of kou trees, that she might listen 


to the new teaching and learn to read. Near a former heiau 
of their cruel gods, where once, when she was ill, Kamehameha 
had ordered ten human victims to be sacrificed, Christian 


preachers now told of a religion of love. Sometimes the 
teachers were called by the chiefs to begin service before the 
set time, because so many people, often twenty-five hundred, 


crowded together, waiting, would suffer in the sun. 


192 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“The tidings we hear,” they said, “break in upon our 
minds like the light of the morning.” 

Some of the chiefs said to Keopuolani, ‘ You are old, and 
ought not to study so much.” 

“T am old,” she replied, “and perhaps near to death, and 
therefore must learn soon or never find the right way.” 

“Tt is lamentable,” she said, “that the true religion did 
not reach us in our childhood !” 

Kaumualii’s wife on Kauai wrote with what English she 
had acquired to the mother of a missionary lady there :— 


“Dear Friend, 

“T thank you for sending your daughter here. She no your daughter 
now; she mine. I take good care of her. I very glad your daughter 
come here. She learn me to read and sew. By and by she talk same I 
do; and tell me about God. 

“Your friend 
““Kapule 
“Queen of Kauai.” 


The haughty Kaahumanu had not yet consented to learn 
of the new teachers, and only extended them her little 
finger when shaking hands. Nevertheless, although she had 
not yet chosen the new way, she determined to abolish 
the old. With a retinue of twelve hundred, darkening the 
decks and the rigging of four small vessels, she embarked for 
the windward islands to search out and destroy all the idols 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 193 


left. She sent for Kamehameha’s image of the dreaded poi- 
son god, through fear of which so many had died. At her 


command the people collected one 
hundred and two idols that had been 
hidden away, and gave them to the 
flames. She had the bones that had 
been worshiped in the Hale 0 Keawe 
buried in the cliffs over Kealakekua. 
In various ways the chiefs helped 
their teachers. Kaikieowa’s wife, a 
high chiefess, herself taught a school of 
forty. Kuakini started a writing school 
that he taught himself, and built suc- 
cessively, as the audiences outgrew 
them, three churches to the “white 
man’s God” within the inclosure of a 
former heiau. He helped the teachers 
translate the Bible into Hawaiian. 
Kamehamalu, or Kamamalu, Shade-of- 
Kamehameha, the capable and bright 


Ancient Idol 


queen, twenty-six years old, erected a school in Honolulu. 
As soon as the teachers had put the Hawaiian language 

in writing, great was the demand for the books they printed. 

Gray-haired Hawaiians would come bringing a bunch of 


bananas, sugar cane, ohias, a fowl, or native cord, begging 


STORY OF HAWAI—13 


194 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


to be allowed to exchange it for a spelling book, of more 
value to them than silver or gold. The chiefs now com- 
~manded all the people to learn. Once a year the great 
event was the school examination. Carrying their food and 
clothing slung on a stick across the shoulder, each district 
dressed in tapa of a uniform color set out in single file — 
old men and boys, mothers and granddaughters — behind 
their teacher. Thus thousands of pupils assembled. 

These pupils made rapid progress, except when the king 
interrupted their instruction, ordering them into the moun- 
tains to search among the tangled ieie vines for upland sandal- 
wood when his exchequer was low. Keopuolani, now a 
Christian, tried in vain to persuade Liholiho to give up his 
extravagant habits and his bad companions. 

Although Liholiho would not listen to the wise counsel 
of Keopuolani, he gave her the attentive care of a devoted 
son. When, as her health became feeble, she wished to go 
to Lahaina, he accompanied her on the four days’ voyage. 
The chiefs gathered around the worthy woman in her last 
illness there. The young queen Kamamalu watched her 
every look and motion to know her wishes. On the night 
of her death, even the little prince and the little princess did 
not close their eyes. 

“When I am dead,” she told them, “let it never be said 
that I died by poison, by sorcery, or that I was prayed to 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 195 


death; for it is not so. I love the great God. Protect the 
teachers who have come to this land of dark hearts.” 
“Keopuolani was a mother to all. We have lost a 
mother !”’ the people exclaimed everywhere. According to 
an old mourning cus- 
tom, Queen Kamamalu 
had her tongue tat- 
tooed. When asked by 
a missionary why she 
did it, she said, “Great 
is the pain, but greater 


still is my love.”’ 

One of the most earn- 
est Christian women at 
this time was Kapiolani, 


the Heavenly-Captive, fs tec Ke 
{4 7 in A) : y “ aH 
2 OTS oa a 


wife: of the orator 
Naihe. Tennyson has 
celebrated her name, for 
what has been called 


one of the greatest acts Ss aes 

of moral courage ever 

performed. Though unlovely in her ways before she learned 
Christianity, Kapiolani soon became an example to her 


people. She told her teachers how as girls she and a friend 


196 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


of equal rank had secretly swum out to sea to eat a banana, 
and had been discovered by a priest. The punishment for 
the broken tabu was death, but because of their rank, 
the priest had sacrificed a favorite page of hers in their 
stead. | 

“Oh, those were dark days!’’ murmured the priest, as 
she told the story. , 

Naihe, Kapiolani’s husband, had charge of the Hale o 
Keawe at Kealakekua. Their home was a hundred and 
fifty miles from the volcano of Kilauea, the destroying earth- 
quakes and eruptions of which so terrified the people that 
they still feared Pele. At this volcano, far from the mission 
stations, priests and priestesses of Pele made daily offerings 
to her. Kapiolani determined to journey there and free 
her people from this dread superstition. Her friends at 
Honaunau, and even her husband, begged her not to go. 
There were no roads in those days. Afoot the courageous 
woman started over the rough path across a black sea of 
sharp lava. Multitudescame to her on the way, entreating 
her not to go on, lest the goddess of the voleano should be 
provoked to destroy her. 

“Tf I am destroyed,” Kapiolani answered, ‘‘then you may 
all believe in Pele. But if I am not, then you must all 
turn to the new way.” 

At last, with feet swollen and lame after the painful walk 


irs 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 197 


of one hundred and fifty miles, she reached the crater. To 
her surprise she found that one of the foreign teachers from 
Hilo had journeyed there to meet her. ‘‘I have come to 
strengthen the hearts of the teachers and help them in their 
work,” she told him. 


Crevice in the Crater 


At the black rim of the menacing crater, Kapiolani met 
a priest who fed Pele every day with the sacred ohelo berries. 
“You will die by Pele!” he called out, entreating Kapio- 
lani to go no farther. A numerous company watched Kapio- 
lani while she deliberately ate the berries consecrated to 


198 THE STORY OF HAWAIL 


Pele, and threw stones into the volcano. Continuing her 
way, she descended several hundred feet down into the smoke 
begrimed crater where the fires burned. 

“Jehovah is my God,” she called back. “He kindled 
these fires. I fear not Pele. If I perish by the anger of 
Pele, then you may fear the power of Pele. But if I trust 
in Jehovah, and He shall save me from the wrath of Pele 
when I break through her tabus, then you must fear and 
serve the Lord Jehovah.” 

No new sounds issued from the crater. The smoke floated 
up, and the fire fountains played as before. The brave 
woman stood near them unharmed. She had broken the 
superstition about Pele. The company united in a hymn of 
praise, and knelt to the true God. 

A year later the strong Kaahumanu, who had been slow 
to follow the new teachers, presented herself at the church 
in Honolulu. As she never did anything by halves, she 
now devoted herself entirely to helping her teachers and 
working with energy for the welfare of the nation. With 
her subjects, she went humbly to the school as a learner. 
So gentle had become the once haughty queen that her people 
now called her “The new and good Kaahumanu.” 

In the meantime the men on Kauai displeased Liholiho 
by calling him “King of the Windward Islands.” This 
meant the islands to the east of Kauai only. One day in 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHBA If 


ae 


1821, Liholiho said he was going to Ewa, and left Honolulu 
with Boki, Naihe the orator, Hoapili’s son, and about thirty 


attendants in an open sailboat. 


trance to Pearl Har- 
bor, he refused to 
enter the lagoon, and 
sailed on past the 
northern end of 
Oahu, around Bar- 
ber’s Point. Sud- 
denly the pleasure 
in the trip was gone. 
The king had or- 
dered the helmsman 
to steer for Kauai, 
nearly a hundred 
miles distant, across 
the roughest of the 


On arriving off the en- 


Boki and Liliha 


channels, and in the teeth of a strong wind. The boatmen 


were frightened. 


“We are not prepared for such a long voyage,’ Boki and 


Naihe told the king. 


and neither chart nor compass.” 


“We have no water nor provisions, 


“Here is your compass !”’ — the king thrust out one hand 


and spread the fingers — “steer by this!” 


200 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


The seas suddenly broke over them and nearly capsized 
the boat. Again Boki and Naihe begged the king to turn 
back. Even if they escaped death from drowning, Kaumu- 
alii might be hostile and could easily take their lives. 

“No, bail out the water and go on!” commanded the 
reckless monarch. “If you return with the boat, 1 will 
swim to Kauai!” | 

By filling their calabashes vigorously, they kept their 
boat from swamping, and still steered northward. All 
night the sea broke over them. At dawn of day the starved 
and exhausted crew felt a land breeze in their faces. 

In the words of the old bards : — 


“As a forest that has gone out suddenly 
In the middle of the ocean ; 
Such appeared Kauai, this large 
Island of the ohia flowers.”’ 

The canoe from Oahu lay off Waimea entirely at the mercy 
of Kaumualii. That noble chieftain came out in a small 
boat with three attendants, and greeted Liholiho with his 
“Aloha,” touching noses with him. ‘Taking Liholiho 
ashore, he gave him a large house spread with beautiful 
Niihau mats, the finest and most beautiful on the islands. 
Kaumualii continued to entertain the king with honor as 
his royal guest. He sent his brig and a schooner to Oahu to 
relieve the fears of the people there, who would think Liho- 
liho drowned or killed. 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 201 


That same day Kaumualii called a large assembly of 
chiefs.. The Kauai chiefs were considered superior to those 
of the other islands. They gathered under a large thatched 
lanai. Kaumualii, although not so large as most of the 
chiefs, who usually weighed as much as two hundred and 
fifty pounds, had a fine athletic form, and he was noted among 
the islands as the most expert swimmer in the surf. His 
noble Roman face showed great feeling as he stood up 
to address Liholiho : — 

“King Liholiho, hear: — When your father was alive, I acknowledged 
him as my superior. Since his death I have considered you as his rightful 
successor and, according to his appointment, as king. Now I have plenty 
of muskets and powder, and plenty of men at command: these, with the 
vessels I have bought, the fort, and guns, and the island, — all are yours. 
Do with them as you please. Send me where you please. Place what 
chief you please as governor here.” 

A solemn silence filled the house. All waited to hear the 
young king’s reply, on which so much depended. 

At length Liholiho rose, and addressed Kaumualii in a 
mild manner : — 

“T did not come to take away your island. I do not wish 
to place any one over it. Keep your island, and take care 
of it just as you have done, and do what you please with 
your vessels.”’ 

A glad shout of hearty approval rang out from both par- 
ties. Kaumualii left the council with a peaceful smile, 


202 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


The two kings set out for a several weeks’ tour around 
Kauai. At night they camped in a grove of lauhala. With 
an odor of burnt peanuts, the kukui torches shed pale beams 
of light through the sharp-edged leaves upon the royal 
booths. The booth for Kaumualii would be left in flames 
the next day, according to an ancient custom of burning 
down the house where the king lodged in his travels. 

On the evening of their return, Liholiho invited Kaumualii 
on board his beautiful vessel, The Pride of Hawai. While 
the unsuspecting Kaumualii sat in the cabin, Liholiho se- 
cretly gave the order : — 

“Make sail!” 

He tore the faithful and generous king away from his 
devoted wife Kapule and his beloved island, never to see 
either again. Although in Honolulu Kaumualii was still 
called king of Kauai, he remained a captive. As the years 
went by, his face saddened, and his shoulders became 
bowed. 

The next year the annual celebration of Liholiho’s ascen- 
sion to the throne ended with a magnificent procession. 
Queen Kamamalu, considered the beauty of the islands, 
dressed in red with a red silk mantle and a red feather crown, 
sat on a whaleboat overspread with costly broadcloth. 
Behind her stood Kalaimoku and Naihe, brilliant in red silk 
and red helmets, holding magnificent red kahilis. Retainers 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 203 


in red feather capes and helmets bore the float. Kaahumanu 
and Keopuolani each wore seventy-two yards of cashmere of 
double fold, one half red and one half orange in color, 
wrapped around each until her arms rested out straight on 
the mass, while what was left hung in a long train, held by a 
retinue. Following the many gorgeous floats marched 
stately and graceful chiefs, and accompanying the long 
line of the pageant trooped dancers and singers. 

It was after this that a grand council of chiefs at Lahaina 
decided to grant the king his request for a trip to Eng- 
land. He would see the outside world, and learn from other 
governments new ways for bettering his own country. The 
king sent a chest of $25,000 in coin aboard the ship in which 
he was to travel, and consigned it to the care of the captain, 
Starbuck. Queen Kamamalu, Boki and his wife Liliha, 
and a few others were to go with him. The king desired 
also the company of Mr. Ellis, an English missionary at the 
islands, and offered a large sum for his passage. Captain 
Starbuck refused to take him, making poor excuses, saying 
that the ship did not have provisions enough. At the last, 
nevertheless, Captain Starbuck allowed the worthless John 
Rives to take passage. Before leaving, the king made his 
younger twelve-year-old brother his successor, and gave the 
charge of the kingdom into the hands of Kaahumanu and 
Kalaimoku. 


204 THE STORY OF HAWAII 

The time arrived for the royal party to embark. Queen 
Kamamalu went on board last of all. She threaded her 
way, queen-like and courteous, through the throngs at the 
shore, who fell on their knees before their beloved and pa- 
triotic queen, pressing and saluting her feet, bathing them 
with tears of genuine sorrow. Thousands wailed aloud. 
As Kamamalu reached the water, she turned and beckoned 
to the people to cease their cries. 

“T am going to a distant land, and perhaps we shall not 
meet again,” she said. “Let us pray to Jehovah that He may 
preserve us on the water and you on the shore.”” She called 
to a native teacher to pray. After she had reached the 
stone quay near the boats, she turned and chanted in a sad 
voice :— 

‘“‘C) heavens, O plains, O mountains and oceans, 
O guardians and people, love to you all! 
Farewell to thee, O country, the land, 

O country for which my father toiled, 
Farewell to thee !”’ 


She paused, and then chanted as though she saw Kameha- 
meha, whose last charge to her had been to follow her hus- 
band faithfully :— 


‘“We both forsake the land of thy toil. 
I go according to, thy command; 
Never will I disregard thy voice. 

I travel with thy dying charge, 
Which thou didst address to me.”’ 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 200 


As the company entered the boat, and shoved off, the 
multitude on the shore responded, filling the air with their 
wailings. The cannon on the walls of the Honolulu fort 
at the foot of Fort Street boomed. Long the people watched, 
until the ship bearing away their king and queen had gone 
from sight. 

Soon after, Kaumualii, one of the noblest of the fine old 
chiefs, and beloved by his people, lay dying. In all his deal- 
ings he had been honorable. One of the foreign teachers 
wrote : — 

‘“‘T have never heard from him a word nor seen in him a 
look or action unbecoming a prince.” 

An old steward of his, whom George Washington had 
treated with kindness in New York, said :— 

“King Kaumualii, he have but one heart, and that was 
a good one.” 

The Kauaians, now hearing that a man unfitted for the 
place, because with little sense of honor, would be appointed 
their governor, formed a conspiracy to rise against him. 
Kapule, the noble wife from whom Liholiho had torn Kau- 
mualii, in spite of all that she had suffered, remained loyal, 
thinking only of the good of her people. When she heard 
that Kalaimoku was coming to Kauai to settle the trouble, 
she launched her double canoe and went out to the brig to 
meet him and bring him ashore. 


206 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Kalaimoku called a council of chiefs at Waimea, and ad- 
dressed them : — 

“Where are you, chiefs, soldiers, and people? ae, 
mualii is dead, and this is the will which he left: that he 
that was rich before his death should continue rich, and 
that he that was poor before his death should continue poor 
that there should be no change, and that my nephew 
should be governor in his stead.” 

The firm loyalty of Kapule kept many true to her hus- 
band’s will. Kiaimakani, Wind-watcher, an old chief of 
Kauai, however, objected to it, and demanded a new di- 
vision of the land. 

“We will abide by Kaumualii’s charge,” Kalaimoku 
asserted firmly. 

Kiaimakani with certain other disappointed chiefs went 
away from the meeting in anger. He immediately thought 
of George Kaumualii, for their leader. King Kaumualii 
had sent his son George when a child of six to the United 
States to be educated. While there he had served in the 
War of 1812. Since his return he had married Betty, a 
daughter of Isaac Davis. He kept two brass fieldpieces 
and large dogs for war. 

Kiaimakani lost no time in visiting him where he lived, 
in the valley of Wahiawa. 

“Come with us — you shall be our king,” he exclaimed. 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 207 


“The islands of Kauai and Niihau are yours, as they were 
your father’s. Hard will we fight for you !” 

In spite of his large opportunities, George Kaumualii had 
grown small-minded. Selfishly ambitious, he did not hesi- 
tate to plunge his island into war. 

Before light the next day his large band of followers took 
the garrison at the Waimea fort by surprise. 

“Ho Waimea !— Ho Makaweli!—come on! The Ha- 
wailans are beaten— the Kauaians have the fort!’ One 
of his men stood on the walls of the fort and called aloud 
to the two divisions of the valley on either side of the 
river. 

Aided by a rush from the neighboring people, his men 
planned to capture the garrison easily. 

Men of both parties hurried out of the villages to join 
in the struggle. For half an hour balls and bayonets did 
their work. Six of the garrison and ten of the rebels fell, 
before the garrison succeeded in driving the enemy back. 
The rebels fled toward Hanapepe. 

After the firing had ceased, Kalaimoku entered the fort 
with other chiefs and several chiefesses, fully armed. Kapule 
walked with a drawn sword in her hand. Kalaimoku and 
Kapule considered the situation perilous, as even the captain 
of the garrison, in allowing the rebels to scale the walls, 
appeared disloyal. They dared not attack the rebels with- 


208 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


out aid from the windward islands. Kalaimoku at once 
sent his brig to Oahu and Maui for reinforcements. 

“Well-nigh slain is Kalaimoku by George and his party.” 
The word quickly spread over Oahu. 

“War! war!” rang the cry through villages and valleys. 
A thousand warriors sailed to the rescue. 

The brig approached Maui, flying a signal of distress. 

“Kauai wages war! I have come for men,” the captain 
called as he sprang ashore. 

Kaahumanu, on Maui at the time, wished to go herself 
with the soldiers, but did not feel sure that it was best for 
any of the other high chiefs to leave. 

Kaikioewa, of Spanish descent, spoke up with spirit : — 

“T am old, like Kalaimoku. We have played together 
when children. We have fought together beside our king. 
Our heads are now alike growing gray. Kalaimoku never 
deserted me; and shall I desert him now when the rebels of 
Kauai rise against him? If one of us is ill, the other can 
hasten from Kauai to Hawaii to see the sick. And now, 
when our brother and leader is in peril, shall no chief go to 
succor him? I will go; and here are my men also.”’ 

Two schooners carried the soldiers from Maui, under 
command of Hoapili. 

In the meantime Kalaimoku received this strange letter 
from George Kaumualii : — 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 209 


“Dear Sir, — We wish not to hurt any of the people from the windward 
islands, but those chiefs belonging to Kauai. Therefore I hope you will 
separate your men from them, and let the Kauai chiefs fight the battle, 
for we wish not to hurt any of you from the windward. Our lives have 
been threatened by Kapule, by Haupu, by Kumakeha, and by Wahine. 
These are the chiefs we want to go against. But your people we wish 
not to trouble. Send me answer as soon as you can. 

‘Yours, ete. 
Gre oe 


Nevertheless Hoapili and Kaikioewa landed at Waimea, 
and marched to meet the enemy. It was Hoapili’s profes- 
sion to watch the motion of the stars. He could tell the 
time by them. Night after night now he studied the 
heavens to learn the outcome of this conflict, and he fore- 
told a victory. 

The two armies faced each other near Hanapepe. Before 
the battle Hoapili charged his men : — 

“Tf captives are taken, deal mercifully with them, — such 
is the advice of our teachers. If balls whiz by you, they 
are not a cause of fear; but if bayonets are thrust at your 
breasts, then there may be some cause for firmness and cour- 
age. Forward! forward even unto death !”’ 

After long preparation, George Kaumualii’s inexperienced 
gunners began to fire his two cannon. Each time Hoapili’s 
men lay down beforehand, and when the cannon boomed, 
let the balls go over their heads, and then rose and pressed 


STORY OF HAWAII — 14 


210 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


on, firing in return. Steadily pushing forward, they cap- 
tured the cannon, with the loss of only one man. The rebels 
fled. George and Betty, with their infant daughter, escaped 
on horseback to the mountains. Kiaimakani, their boldest — 
ally, tried to hide as he ran, by holding up grass between — 
himself and the army. One of Hoapili’s men, seeing the 
motion of the grass, fired a shot into it. The unhappy old 
chief fell, the havoc he had instigated having turned against 
himself. 

Betty and her baby daughter Kalaimoku’s troops soon 
captured, but treated with kindness. Kaahumanu, how- 
ever; named the child Wahine-kipi, the Rebel-woman. Lalai- 
moku sent a party into the mountains to take George. For 
weeks they searched for him in vain. 

“O George, show yourself to us!” they would shout 
sometimes. “You will not be slain if you make your 
appearance. Come, let us return to the seaside, to your 
father, Kalaimoku !”’ 

At last they found him — alone and starving. He sat 
without clothing, his only weapon a joint of bamboo. In 
this pitiable plight they led the poor trembling prince be- 
fore his conqueror, victorious Kalaimoku. At sight of the 
defeated youth, the grand old chieftain rose, took off his 
own mantle, and throwing it over the thin shoulders of his 
young enemy, said only :— 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 211 


“Live !”’ 

They restored him to his wife and child, but for the good 
of Kauai thenceforth obliged him to stay on Oahu. 

Soon after this an American whaling ship brought the 
sad news of the death of Liholiho and Kamamalu in Eng- 
land. The reason why Captain Starbuck had refused to 
let Mr. Ellis travel with the king, and instead had given 
Rives passage, now appeared. He had wished to have the 
care of the king’s chest of twenty-five thousand dollars. 
The low and cunning Rives had led the king to gamble and 
drink on the voyage. In Rio Janeiro the English consul 
had given a ball for their entertainment. Arriving at 
Liverpool, Captain Starbuck had landed the royal couple 
without making any provision for them, forwarding their 
chest of money to the Bank of England, where, on being 
opened, it was found that of the $25,000 only $10,000 was 
left. Of the remainder no account was given, except a bill 
of $3000 for expenses at Rio Janeiro. Rives wished to act 
as interpreter, but the king dismissed him, and appointed 
a son of John Young in his place. Through all the atten- 
tions shown them, the royal party conducted themselves 
most creditably to their little island kingdom. 

But in the midst of the new pleasure came the shadows. 
Queen Kamamalu fell suddenly so dangerously ill with 
the measles that the physicians gave up hope for her life. 


212 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


With their arms about each other, the king and queen wept 
at thought of death so far from their country. After the 
queen died, Liholiho rapidly succumbed to the disease. 

“This is my death in the time of my youth,” he said to 
Boki. ‘Great love to my country !” 

The English showed those who were left every kindness. 
King George gave them an interview at Windsor, and prom- 
ised to protect the islands from the attacks of other na- 
tions. Before they left, he ordered that the money they had 
spent should be returned, calling them the guests of the 
nation. The English government sent Lord Byron, a 
cousin of the poet, to carry the royal remains with the be- 
reaved Hawaiians home on the forty-six-gun frigate Blonde. 

After the long voyage around Cape Horn, the wearied 
travelers one evening saw the westering sun above the blue 
mountains of Maui, sending its parting shafts upon the green 
coconut-lined shores of Lahaina. 

“Tt is Boki! It is Boki!” the cry went forth as a boat 
neared the landing. Thousands thronged the shore. Many 
began to wail. Hoapili, the father of Boki’s wife, Liliha, 
sat on the beach in the center of the crowd. As his daughter 
approached, the people opened a passage to him. He rose 
and embraced her. The wailing increased. Hoapili, un- 
able to restrain his feelings any longer, threw himself at 
Boki’s feet, burying his face in the sand. The rest followed 


THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA II 213 


his example, and burst into loud wailing that drowned the 
roar of the surf and echoed over the hills. 
When quieted, the people crowded around Boki, who told 


of the things the voyagers had seen and of the kindnesses 


Diamond Head 


they had received. Boki said that when he had asked King 
George of England whether the teachers were good, the 
king had replied : — 

“Yes, and they are the people to make others good. I 
always have some of them by me. We in England were 
once like the people of your islands, but this kind of teachers 
came, and taught our fathers, and now you see what we are.” 

The little princess, Nahienaena, and other chiefs sailed 


214 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


on the Blonde to Honolulu. It reached Diamond Head at 
sunrise, and dropped anchor near Waikiki at nine o’clock. 
Above the lamentations of the people sounded the gloomy 
roar of the minute guns. The mourners crowded to Ka- 
waihao church, where Kalaimoku addressed them. 

‘We have lost our king and queen,” he said. “They have 
died in a foreign land. We shall see them no more. It is 
right that we should weep, but let us not have hard thoughts 
of God. Let us bow under His hand. Let all amusement 
cease; let our daily work be suspended, and let the nation 
by prayer humble itself before God during fourteen days.” 

The next day Kalaimoku held a state reception at his 
house for Lord Byron and the English officers. At the end 
of the room opposite the entrance, the young prince Kaui- 
keaouli and Princess Nahienaena sat upon a Chinese sofa. 
Between them and partly around the princess lay a splendid 
pau, or skirt, nine yards long, of yellow feathers, lined with 
satin, that had been made with great expense and labor for 
the princess to wear at the anticipated arrival of her brother. 

On this occasion Lord Byron presented gifts from the 
British government. To the Prince Kauikeaouli he gave 
a Windsor uniform with solid gold buttons and a sword. 
The little prince donned it at once, and strutted about in 
ecstasy. To Kaahumanu he gave a solid silver teapot 
ornamented with the British coat-of-arms, adding a courte- 


THE REIGN. OF KAMEHAMEHA II PAGS 


ous hint that perhaps later she would serve him with a cup 
of tea from it. To Kalaimoku he gave a gold hunting watch 
engraved also with the British coat-of-arms. 

Later, after an impressive funeral procession and service, 
the chiefs held a council to choose a successor to Kame- 
hameha II. Kalaimoku addressed the council] in regard 
to the trouble arising from the ancient custom of the rever- 
sion of the lands to the king. He said it had been Kame- 
hameha’s plan to make the land of the chiefs hereditary, 
and he proposed to adopt this plan as a law. 

All the laws of the great Kamehameha were good. “Let 

“us have the same!” several chiefs called out at once. 

They appointed Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III, with 
Kalaimoku to serve as premier, and Kaahumanu to reign 
as regent until he should be of age.. 


CHAPTER IX 
KAAHUMANU 


To be of great service to Hawaii, Kaahumanu was spared 
through a childhood of perils. The baby chiefess first 
opened her eyes where the wind rushes like a holua sled at 
the foot of the famous battle hill of Kauiki in Hana. 
Kaahumanu’s mother had been queen of Maui. When the 
king had died, her mother had displeased her brother Kahekili 
by marrying Keeaumoku. This high chief, who was Kaa- 
humanu’s father, after rebelling against Kalaniopuu on 
Hawaii, had jumped over a precipice into the sea, escaping 
in his canoe to Lahaina, Maui, and thence, after quarreling 
with Kahekili, to Molokai. Upon the king of Oahu’s 
invading Molokai, he had fled to Hana, on the other side 
of Maui. Kaahumanu was a child at the time of her 
parents’ destitution. Soon after she was born, her mother 
hid her in a cave over the ocean, on the northeastern side 
of Kauiki hill. Trailing grass hanging from the precipice 
above formed .a green curtain for her, while the music of 


the strong wind blowing against the headland drowned her 
216 


KAAHUMANU 217 


cries. Here she was safe from harm until her father and 
mother put her in a canoe, and fled toward Hawaii. On their 
voyage, one dark night as they sailed along the coast to the 
south of Kealakekua, they wrapped the infant in a roll of 
white tapa, and laid her on the deck of the double canoe. 
The sea tossed her cradle hard. Fast asleep, she fell off. 
Keeaumoku, her father, turning around, saw something 
white floating on the waves behind. 

“My baby is gone!” the mother cried out. 

They paddled back as rapidly as they could, and drew the 

_drenched bundle out of the ocean in time to save their little 
daughter’s life. 

Soon the baby feet of the chiefess could carry her hither 
and thither. After a fishing excursion, she was toddling 
behind her mother around their canoe, drawn up on the sand 
near the boisterous sea, when once more the ocean tried to 
take her. A huge breaker roJled in suddenly. Reaching 
out and encircling Kaahumanu’s bare feet with its cool white 
foam, it pulled her back with it, far out into the blue water 
beyond her depth. 

“Dead! O the daughter of Keeaumoku!” the fishermen 
called out. 

A kinsman sprang into the tumbling surf, and brought 
her back to land. Thus a second time Kaahumanu’s life 
was saved. 


218 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


A little older grown, the child Kaahumanu on the beach 
at Kealakekua watched Cook’s ships sail away after his 
men had set the village on fire. Kalaniopuu, the king, him- 
self took Kaahumanu in his charge, and left the bay, sailing 
with her to Kau. 

The years of Kaahumanu’s childhood continued to ae 
years of peril. There was constant war, — war between 
King Kalaniopuu of Hawaii and King Kahekili of Maui, 
between Kamehameha and Kiwalao. Before the battle 
in which Kiwalao fell, when Kaahumanu was eight years 
old, her mother hurried with her to the City of Refuge at 
Honaunau. Here her wounded father came for his daughter 
after the battle. 

As regent for the young king Kamehameha III, Kaa. 
humanu’s chief thought was the welfare of her people. In 
a letter to those who had sent out the foreign teachers, she 
signed herself : — 

“Of you and of all the good, I am the friend. 

“Kaahumanu.” 

In 1825, before a vast assembly at Honolulu, under a grove 
of coconut trees near the sea, she proclaimed the first written 
laws. 

And Hawaii had need of law, for ‘‘There is no Ged this 
side of Cape Horn” was a favorite expression of buccaneers 
at this time. Sailors from some of the whaling ships came 


KAAHUMANU 219 


ashore swearing. Entering saloons, they drove out the 
proprietors. After helping themselves to liquor, they 
crowded the streets, some staggering about on foot, others 
racing up and down at breakneck speed on horses frenzied 
by the cuts of their reckless, swaying riders, still others 
disturbing the peace with their drunken brawls. Their 
one persistent cry was to do away with the new laws. They 
attacked the foreign teachers, believing these teachers had 
brought about the laws. 

One evening a little after sunset, two determined and evil- 
looking men from an English whaling ship visited the house 
of Mr. Richards, the teacher at Lahaina. They ordered 
him to go to the chiefs and have them abolish the laws. 
This he refused to do. Soon after they had left him, an 
angry mob of drunken sailors rushed into his yard, uttering 
curses and threats. One man called at the window to know 
if he could come in. Mr. Richards opened his door. The 
man lurched into the room. 

“Tf you do not have the laws repealed,’’ he announced, 
‘we will burn your house, kill you, and kill your wife and 
child.” 

“T am ready to die upholding the right,” Mr. Richards 
responded bravely. 

His wife, who sat near, added : — 

“T am feeble, and have none to look to for protection 


220 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


but my husband and my God. I am ready to share the fate 
of my husband, and will by no means consent to live upon 
the terms you offer.” 

The sailor, with his better feelings stirred, left the house, 
followed by his comrades. 

Two days after this natives saw boats from the whale 
ship pulling ashore. Twenty drunken seamen from it 
marched in a riotous body to Mr. Richards’s gate, waving 
a black flag. All were armed, some with knives, and some 
with pistols). The Hawaiian guard sprang up to close the 
gate. A scrimmage followed, in which he was worsted. The 
shouting mob pressed their way through the gate to the door 
of the house. Suddenly they were confronted by thirty 
Hawaiians carrying clubs and stones, who had entered the 
house by the back door. These drove the rabble out while 
their chief Hoapili stood up and cried : — 

“Tf you shoot my teacher, the ball shall pass through me 
first.” 

Concerned for the safety of the teachers, the princess 
Nahienaena sent to know if they would take passage with 
her in a double canoe for Molokai. When they refused, she 
sent for their babe, offering to care for it in the fort. 

The next year the crews of several whale ships came ashore 
at Lahaina in a body. The governess of the island with the 
women of Lahaina had fled to the mountains for safety. 


KAAHUMANU 221 


Ruthlessly the seamen broke into the homes of natives, 
and plundered them. They stormed about the town, de- 
claring the laws must be repealed, but all to no avail. 

A third time Lahaina suffered outrages. To force the 
repeal of the laws, the crew of another English whaler 
fired on the village with a nine-pound gun, aiming five 
shots at Mr. Richards’s house. He escaped injury by going 
down into his cellar. 

About this time even a lieutenant on a United States 
ship of war that touched at Honolulu tried to compel 
Kaahumanu to repeal her Jaws. She answered him nobly 
that she was trying to save her nation from ruin and vice, 
and that strangers passing from one country to another were 
bound while they remained in a country to conform to its 
laws. 

“My ship is small,”’ the lieutenant threatened ; ‘but she 
is just like fire!” 

Soon after this a violent rabble from the warship broke 
into the house of Kalaimoku, who lay ill. 

“Take off this tabu, or we will pull down your houses !”’ 
shaking their fists they shouted to the natives around 
them. “There are one hundred and fifty of us,— the tabu 
must come off.” | 

They stoned Kalaimoku’s windows. Then, with the in- 
consequence of a mob, they turned and rushed toward the 


222 THE STORY OF ALAWAT 


house of Mr. Bingham, a white teacher whom they hated 
because of his upright character. Mr. Bingham, seeing 
the sailors on their way to his house, thought of his helpless 
wife and child there, and hurried to reach it first. The door 
was locked, and he fell into the hands of the mob. A club 
was raised and aimed for his head. It fell on the arm of a 
high chiefess. Kaahumanu’s sister had thrust out her arm 
in time to receive the blow and save Mr. Bingham’s life. 
The natives now rallied to his support, and drove the mob 
away. 

Later the United States government court-martialed this 
lieutenant, and sent word to Hawaii: “Our citizens who 
violate your laws, or interfere with your regulations, violate 
at the same time their duty to their own government and 
country.” | 

Not with lawless foreigners alone did Kaahumanu have to 
contend, but with those of her own land as well. She had 
made Boki, Kalaimoku’s younger brother, governor of 
Oahu and guardian of the young king. She was soon to 
regret this appointment. Boki opened a drinking resort 
in Honolulu. He and his wife Liliha became intemperate 
and fell into debt. Because Kaahumanu opposed him, Boki 
began plotting .a rebellion. He tried in vain to shake the 
young king’s loyalty to her. While Boki had his camp at 
Waikiki watched by his armed men, Kaahumanu sent to 


KAAHUMANU 223 


tell him that she was alone in her house, and he might come 
without bloodshed and war and take her life if he chose. 
The brave Kaahumanu had 
summoned no guards around 
her, nor asked protection of gov- 
ernors of the other islands. 
Quietly she had attended to her 
work, relying on the affection 
of her people and their knowl- 
edge of her thought for their 
true good. A loyal chief, Ke- 
kuanaoa, who had voyaged to 
England with Boki, boldly went 
alone to his camp and _ per- 
suaded him to give up his mad plot. 

Boki soon entered into another scheme. An adventurer had 


Kekuanaoa 


told him of a newly discovered island in the South Pacific, 
abounding in sandalwood. Wishing to wipe out his debts 
and become wealthy, Boki took possession of the young | 
king’s beautiful brig Kamehameha. This vessel and another, 
the Becket, he fitted out with guns and ammunition and pro- 
visions for a long voyage. To everything that his friends 
urged to dissuade him from his trip, he turned deaf ears. 

“T will go,” he said, “‘and not return until a certain chief 
is dead,’ meaning Kaahumanu. 


224 THE STORY OF HAWAIL 


Almost five hundred passengers crowded the vessels, 
lured by the thought of gold. Kaahumanu was absent on 
Kauai when they embarked. Nine months later the 
Becket returned alone, with but twenty of the five hundred 
who had set out. The Becket had spent five days at an island 
in the New Hebrides, but the hostility of the inhabitants, 
and sickness among those on board, had defeated the object 
of the expedition. The fate of Boki and his vessel has al- 
ways been a mystery. Some believe it to have been acci- 
dentally blown up in an explosion of powder. 

After this Kaahumanu made a tour of the windward 
islands, taking the young king with her. She left Liliha, 
Boki’s widow, and Kinau, a daughter of Kamehameha, wife 
of Kekuanaoa, in charge. At the different villages Kaa- 
humanu gathered her subjects. They came in crowds to 
listen to her. Tall and stately, she stood before them, her 
face beaming with tender love for the people whose burdens 
she was trying to lighten. She urged them to learn to read 

and write, to listen to the new teachers, and obey the laws 
of God. After addressing them, she held out her hand to 
each in friendly alohas. | 

At Kawaihae, Kaahumanu visited Kamehameha’s former 
houses. In the heiau where Kamehameha had worshiped 
his gods, near the altar, blood-stained from human victims, 
she lifted her hands, and looking upward, exclaimed : — 


KAAHUMANU 225 


“T thank God for what my eyes now see. Hawaii’s 
gods are no more!” 

The buildings in this heiau, she said, had all been destroyed 
in one day. 

Before the nine months of Kaahumanu’s tour had passed, 
Liliha had filled the fort with a thousand armed men from 
her husband’s lands in Waianae, and declared herself regent 
by right. Kinau wrote to Kaahumanu at Lahaina: — 

“The language or threatening of war is here. The fortress 
is occupied by the men of Waianae. When you approach 
and anchor outside, a boat is to go out for the king, and 
force him away from you.” 

Kaahumanu sent Hoapili, Liliha’s father, to the rescue. 
_ The old warrior landed at Honolulu without troops or arms. 
He commanded his daughter to give up the fort and 20 
with him to Lahaina. She obeyed without protest. <A 
national council soon after appointed Kuakini, Kaahumanu’s 
brother, governor of Oahu, and Naihe, the orator, governor 
of Hawaii in his place. 

In the meantime, Kaahumanu, not reccenizing the 
Catholics as Christians, felt that she had them as well to 
contend with. Rives, after being dismissed from the court 
of Kamehameha II in London, had gone to. Paris. There 
he had boasted of his great wealth and position in the 
Hawaiian Islands. He had advertised for laborers to culti- 


STORY OF HAWAII—15 


226 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


vate his estates in Hawaii, and for priests to instruct his 
people. On credit the adventurer purchased a cargo of 
goods and chartered a ship. Three priests embarked with 
church ornaments worth several thousand dollars, which 
Rives said he would pay for at Honolulu. Rives himself 
took passage in a different ship, not to Hawaii, but to 
Mexico. He never appeared at the islands. The captain, 
unable to sell Rives’s cargo, had landed his passengers 
without the consent of the chiefs. Kaahumanu at the end 
of her tour found that many Hawaiians had become Catholics, 
among them a woman of her train. She intended to expel 
this woman to the island of banishment, Kahoolawe, but 
one of the white teachers persuaded her not to do this. A 
council of high chiefs ordered the priests to leave within 
three months. As, after the chiefs had issued the order three 
times, the priests still remained, the chiefs themselves char- 
tered a ship for four thousand dollars to carry them away to 
California. 

To show her sympathy for Kapiolani, whose husband, 
Governor Naihe, died suddenly, Kaahumanu made a last 
visit to Hawaii. On her return, failing in health, the regent 
decided to retire to a cottage near the head of Manoa Valley. 
Twenty retainers journeyed beside Kaahumanu. Six stout 
men pulled her in a blue handcart, comfortable with velvet 
cushions and fine mats. A kahili bearer accompanied her on 


KAAHUMANU 224 


one side, and an attendant with an umbrella on the other. 
The plains spread before them, barren and dusty. She 
rested at Punahou, then a favorite spring. In her cottage 
close to a stream of clear water and an ohia grove full of 
birds, Kaahumanu’s followers, whom she treated with 
tenderness, made her a bed of sweet-scented maile and ginger 
leaves covered with velvet. The end came rapidly in this 
peaceful spot. But before her death she had the joy of 
holding in her hands the first printed New Testament in 
the Hawaiian language. One of her teachers brought her 
acopy bound in red morocco leather, with her name in gilt 
letters on the cover. 

Before her death, Kaahumanu, with the advice of the 
chiefs, had appointed Kinau to take her place. Kinau, they 
said, was a good wife, a tender mother, an unwavering 
friend, warm-hearted, and always courteous and reliable ; 
they gave her the title of Kaahumanu II. In an address 
to her people Kinau declared her intention to govern as 
Kaahumanu had before her. 

After the death of Kaahumanu, Kamehameha III came 
_ more under the evil influence of Liljha and the English consul. 
He went with a company of dissipated young men called 
“Hulumanu,” Bird-feathers. One of this crew, Kaomi, 
a rascally Tahitian, led the king as he chose, and earned 
the nickname of Ke-lii-kui, the Engrafted-King. Kaomi 


228 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


usurped Kinau’s authority. He treated her with insult, 
while the king even threatened her with violence if she 
entered his presence. Kaomi _ established distilleries ; 
schools were abandoned; the churches were neglected. 
Sober chiefs spoke of the times as they were under Kaahu- 
manu’s good government, and said, shaking their heads 
sadly, “‘Kaahumanu is dead !” 

This year of disorder is known as “the time.of Kaomi.” 
Later Hoapili, the most fearless in resisting bad foreigners, 
and the first in doing away 
with vice, made a tour of Oahu, 
and with his own hand des- 
troyed every distillery. Kinau 
held out strong for the right 
and for good order. 

As Kinau’s children were 
all boys, she adopted Bernice 
Pauahi, the beautiful little 
daughter of Paki, whose wife 


was a daughter of Kameha- 


Kamehameha III 


_ meha I. When Kinau gave 
birth to a fourth son, the king came and Jooked hard at him, 
and went away, leaving a small slip of paper in the thatch. 
It was a common custom among the Hawaiians to give away 
and adopt children. On the paper the king had written :— 


KAAHUMANU 229 


“This child is mine.’ 

Kinau wrapped the baby in a blanket and sent it to the 
palace with due ceremony. There a new retinue of nurses 
and servants awaited it. This little child was to lead the 
king. 

Kamehameha III, soon after this, announced his intention 
to take into his possession “the lands for which his father 
had toiled, the power of life and death, and the undivided 
sovereignty.” He summoned a public meeting for the occa- 
sion. , 

“The king is going to set aside Kinau,’’ the people said ; 
“he is going to appoint either the bad Liliha or the low-born 
Kaomi in her place. There will be war.” 

The day arrived. A vast assembly met in the open air, 
expecting trouble. Kinau come forward quietly. She 
saluted her brother. 

“We cannot war with the word of God between us,” 
she said to him. 

The king rose and made a speech, declaring his minority 
at an end and asserting his claim to sovereignty. He lifted 
his hand to appoint the second person in the kingdom. 
Deliberately and solemnly he confirmed Kinau as kuhi- 
nanui, or premier. The days of Kaomi were ended. When 
asked afterward why he did it, the king replied : — 

“Very strong is the kingdom of God.” 


Tolani Palace, now the Executive Building 


CHAPTER X 
HAWAII AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 


HAWAII lies in the center of the Pacific, in the track of 
vessels plying between the north and the south, the east 
and the west; between British Columbia and Australia, 
Alaska and China; between the United States and Japan ; 
between the Panama Canal and the Siberian railway. It 
has well been called the ‘‘Crossroads of the Pacific.” 

Kamehameha showed his wisdom and farsightedness when 
he said his country would be in danger from nations too 
powerful for it to resist, who would resort to the islands 
oftener and in larger numbers, and be liable to impose 
upon and ill-treat the natives, unless they could be protected 
from such wrongs by some civilized power; and hence he 
sought the protection of Great Britain. 

Little Hawaii became more and more of a resort. In the 
reign of Kamehameha the Great, it was in some danger 
from the Russians. In the reign of Kamehameha II, 
English and American sailors defied its laws. Its very 
independence later was threatened or endangered by France, 


England, and Japan, until finally in annexation to the near- 
231 


232 * THE STORY OF HAWATI 


est great country, the United States of America, it found 
security. 

In 1839 the French, who had see taken Tahiti and 
were trying to secure the Marquesas Islands, Sent a six- 
eun frigate to Honolulu under Captain Laplace... Imme- 
diately upon arriving, Captain Laplace issued a manifesto 
to Kamehameha III in the name of his government, com- 
plaining of the expulsion of the French priests from Hawaii, 
and making the following demands : — 


That the Catholic worship be free. 

That the government give land for a Catholic church in Honolulu. 

That the king place in the hands of the French captain $20,000 as a 
guarantee of fair treatment toward France. 


That the French flag be saluted with twenty-one guns. 


Otherwise France would immediately make war on Hawaii. 

Until the king, who was at Lahaina, should arrive, the 
captain kept Haalilio, the king’s secretary, on board as a 
hostage. In the meantime he declared the harbor to be 
in a state of blockade, and announced that at noon on July 
12, he would begin hostilities. At the request of the 
governor, to give the king time to come from Lahaina, 
the date was postponed until July 15. On the morning 
of July 18, although the king had not yet arrived, the 
governor of Oahu boarded the French frigate, and to the 
surprise of the captain delivered to him four boxes contain- 


a 
HAWAII AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 233 


ing the $20,000 demanded, and also the treaty, signed for 
the king by his chief ministers. 

The next morning Kamehameha reached Honolulu. 
Two days later Captain Laplace compelled him to sign a 
further treaty, providing that French wine and brandy should 
be admitted at a very low rate of duty. The French war- 
ship then sailed away. Hawaii had had a narrow escape. 

In the same year the king proclaimed the first constitu- 
tion of Hawaii, which granted certain rights to the people. 
One passage read :— 

“Protection is hereby assured to the persons of all the 
people, together with their lands, their buildings, their 
lots, and all their property, while they conform to the laws 
of the kingdom, and nothing whatever shall be taken from 
any individual except by express provision of the laws.’’ 

In place of the forced labor and oppressive demands of 
the chiefs, it established a regular system of taxation. 
It provided for responsible judges and a legislature to repre- 
sent the people. 

At about this time a whaling captain, while chatting with 
Kamehameha ITI, thought to sympathize with him. 

“How much better off you were in the olden time, before 
the missionaries came here !”’ he remarked. 7 

“In those days,” responded the king, “you would already, 
since coming into this room, have forfeited your life three 


934 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


times: first, for entering my presence without crawling on 
your hands and knees; secondly, for speaking before I 
addressed you; thirdly, for standing on my shadow.” 
Difficulties with the French, however, continued, and new 
troubles arose with the English consul, Charlton, who put 
forward a pretended claim to land. Kamehameha III 
felt that he must have some security against such treatment. 
One night the mainsail of the king’s yacht glittered in the 
moonlight off Lahaina, far out from a boat at the water’s 
edge. A little company came down to the beach. Mr. 
Richards left them, and stepped into the boat, followed by 
Haalilio. As the oars fell with rapid strokes, a low, muffled 
wail arose from the little group on the shore. Two voyagers 
had started onalong journey. The government had secretly 
decided to send Mr. Richards and Haalilio to the United 
States and England and France to secure recognition of the 
independence of Hawaii. MHaalilio, though of common 
rank, had raised himself through his industry and noble 
spirit to be worthy of this high office of trust for his country. 
Before long the secret of this journey leaked out, and 
Charlton departed suddenly to follow this embassy, and 
if possible, defeat its object. He started for London by 
way of Mexico, sending back a threatening letter to Kame- 
hameha III. While in Mexico he made grievous com- 
plaints about Hawaii to Lord George Paulet, commander 


HAWAIL AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 235 


of a British frigate. Rear-Admiral Thomas ordered Lord 
Paulet to Honolulu to inquire into the matter. 

In February, 1843, Lord Paulet’s frigate dropped anchor 
in Honolulu harbor without firing the usual salute. He 
sent for Kamehameha III, who was at Lahaina, and on his 
arrival addressed a letter to him with six demands for 
British subjects, threatening war if they were not complied 
with by four o’clock the next day. 

The following morning Lord Paulet cleared his frigate 
for action and brought its battery to bear on the town. 
The captain of an American man-of-war offered to take the 
Americans and their families aboard his ship for protection. 
English women and children went aboard a British brig 
lying outside the harbor. From ten in the morning until 
two in the afternoon, the streets teemed with carts bearing 
money chests, books, safes, trunks, and clothing — all on 
their way to the wharves. 

At first the king intended to resist the demands, but when 
he thought of the havoc the warships would make, he sent a 
letter to Lord Paulet, saying he would sign the demands 
under protest, appealing to the justice of the British govern- 
ment, to which an embassy had already proceeded. 

Insolently Lord Paulet pressed the king still further, 
issuing the most unjust demands, and not allowing him time 
to consult his advisers. 


236 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


“T will not die piecemeal!” cried the king, who could 
bear it no longer. “They may cut off my head at once. 
Let them take what they please; I will give no more.” 
He decided to cede his whole kingdom to Lord Paulet, until 
he could hear from England. 

On the day of the cession, Kamehameha III addressed his 
people from the ramparts of the old fort : — 

“Where are you, chiefs, people, and commons from my 
ancestors, and people from foreign lands! Hear ye! I 
make known to you that I am in perplexity by reason of 
difficultics into which I have been brought without cause ; 
therefore I have given away the life of our land. Hear ye! 
But my rule over you, my people, and your privileges may 
continue, for I have hope that the life of the land will be 
restored when my conduct shall be justified.” 

His subjects listened sadly. They saw the Hawaiian flag 
lowered, and the British colors hoisted. Kamehameha III, 
preferring to stay out of Honolulu after Paulet had taken 
his kingdom from him, went to Lahaina. 

Later Lord Paulet ordered a brig to carry Alexander 
Simpson, an English resident, as an envoy to the British 
government. In such a crisis it was most important for 
the king to be represented in London. Dr. Judd, Minister 
of Finance, secretly sent a canoe from a distant point of 
Oahu with a picked crew under the king’s trustworthy 


HAWAII AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 237 


head canoe man, to notify the king at Lahaina of the situa- 
tion and the need of his presence in Honolulu. 

The king came down 
in a schooner, landing 
at dusk near Waialae, 
where Dr. Judd met 
him with papers tosign. 
Dr. Judd had written 
them at night in the 
royal tomb, with the 
coffin of Kaahumanu 
for a table. Before 
morning the king left, 
having intrusted docu- 


ments signed by him- 
self to an American 
resident, Mr. Marshall, BF apes pe 

who traveled on the same vessel with Lord Paulet’s mes- 
senger. It was a race for a country. 

Lord Paulet had every Hawaiian flag destroyed. After 
he had abolished good laws and set all the prisoners free, 
vice reigned. He formed a small standing army of natives 
called the Queen’s Regiment, and forced them to swear 
allegiance to the queen of England. To support this army 
he drained the government treasury. 


238 THE STORY OF HAWAII 

Later, Lord Paulet, after a heated discussion with Dr. 
Judd, who refused to make certain concessions, sailed to 
Lahaina to gain his points with the king. He dropped 
anchor, and, after dining, leisurely wended his way under 
the overhanging boughs of the breadfruit trees, to the king’s 
residence near the beach. At the gateway sat a stranger 
with snow-white hair and beard. It was the king’s head 
canoe man, a messenger from Dr. Judd, the king’s chief 
adviser. Lord Paulet entered and told the king of his 
conference with Dr. Judd. 

“T beg your pardon,” interrupted the king; “you are 
not giving the conversation correctly,’ and to the astonish- 
ment of Lord Paulet, he quoted the exact words that each 
had used on this former occasion. 

“Why, how does he know?” the Englishman mused. “I 
came away at once, and we have not seen any other ship.” 

Still mystified, Lord Paulet returned to Honolulu. 

One morning a few weeks later, a lofty ship entered the 
harbor of Honolulu. Flying from the mast were the British 
colors and an admiral’s pennant. The people held their 
breath. What was this warship here for? The first glance 
at the mild, kind face of Admiral Thomas, however, set 
their minds at ease. In courteous terms he asked for an 
audience with the king. Before long all knew that he had 
come to restore the independence of the islands. 


v 


HAWAII AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 239 


On the day of restoration, Lord Paulet remained away. 
Admiral Thomas, with the English marines in their brilliant 
scarlet uniforms, 
marched from the 
warships in port to 
the spot on the plains 
which now bears the 
Admiral’s name, 
Thomas Square. 
When the king ar- 
rived there on horse- 
back, he was given 
a royal salute ~ of 
twenty-one guns. At 
a signal, the new Ha- 
waiian flag, made on 
board the admiral’s 


warship for this cere- 


Admiral Thomas 


mony, rose and 
caught the breeze. Again the royal salute boomed, and 
this time thousands of voices mingled in cheers. Men 
and boys shouted themselves hoarse. 

The king returned to his palace, where the natives belong- 
ing to the Queen’s Regiment were drawn up in front of the 
steps, their arms laid on the ground beside them. One by 


240 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


one they came up the stairs to the king, and knelt there 
before him. With tears in his eyes, Kamehameha III ex- 
tended his hand in token of pardon. 

That afternoon the king and chiefs attended a service of 
thanksgiving in the new stone church of Kawaiahao. Here, 


The New Stone Church of Kawaiahao 


in an address, Kamehameha III told his people that he 
hoped “the life of the land had been restored,” and used the 
words that have since become the national motto of Hawaii: 
“Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono” — “ the life of the land 
is perpetuated by righteousness.” He proclaimed a festival 
of ten days. 

Before the end of the festival, news arrived from the 
king’s envoys. Mr. Richards and Haalilio had been success- 


HAWAIL AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 241 


ful. For a while the British minister had refused them a 
hearing, owing to the false statements of the English consul, 
who had reached London first. After the arrival of Mr. 
Marshall, however, they had succeeded in securing treaties 
with England, France, Belgium, and the United States, 
recognizing the independence of Hawaii, then known as 
the Sandwich Islands. 

During the return voyage around Cape Horn, Haalilio 
had died from exposure to the cold, his last breath being a 
prayer for his country. 

On the anniversary of the restoration, the king held a 
large parade. Four thousand Hawaiians mounted on horses, 
the women gay in long red and yellow paus, and many 
others in carriages, besides multitudes on foot, passed up 
Nuuana Avenue, beyond Queen Kalama’s summer home 
at Luakaha, to the pali. Kamehameha III and Ka- 
lama rode in a carriage that the king had lately bought of 
the queen of Tahiti. Near the pali, twelve thousand Hawai- 
lans sat down under a grove of trees to a feast that the 
governor had provided —a feast of two hundred and 
seventy-one baked pigs, five hundred calabashes of poi, 
six hundred fowls, five thousand fishes, fifty-five ducks, 
eighty turkeys, four thousand roots of taro, and many other 
good and palatable things. 

In 1845 the first legislature of Hawaii met in Kawaiahao 


STORY OF HAWAII— 16 


242 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


church. At the opening ceremony, above a temporary 
throne hung the royal coat of arms that had been designed 
with Haalilio’s assistance in London. It was mounted 
upon two tall kahilis, and covered with a yellow feather 
cloak. On either side of the king, the princes, Lot and 
Alexander, bore the spear and mamo cloak of Kamehameha 
the Great. 3 

Then followed the most important work of Kamehameha 
III’s reign, which has been called ‘‘the brightest jewel in 
his crown,” the great maheli, or division of lands, by which 
he gave the common people the right to hold their own 
homesteads. The progress of Hawaii had been retarded 
because no one could own the ground he wished to cultivate ; 
for it had all belonged to the king and chiefs, who took it 
back at their pleasure. Many of the commoners thought the 
story that they were to own their own homesteads too good 
to be true. They believed it a ruse to lead them to build 
better houses and improve their places, all for the benefit 
of the chiefs. 

The king divided his lands first with the chiefs. About 
one half of what remained he set apart for the govern- 
ment, keeping what was left, known as the crown lands, 
for himself and his heirs. Most of the chiefs gave the 
government a third of their estates. The government 
offered lands to the Hawaiians at prices so low that every 


HAWAII AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 243 


one of them might buy a piece. The time had come when 
every man could call the fruit of his labor his own. Enter- 
prising people started sugar plantations, — the first at 
Koloa, Kauai, and soon another at Wailuku on Maui. 
In the beginning most of the mills were worked by oxen 
and mules. The growth of these plantations eventually 
led to the importing of great numbers of immigrants for 
laborers, — the Chinese, the Japanese, the Norwegians, 
the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Porto Ricans, the Fili- 
pinos, and the Russians, who have made Hawaii’s popula- 
tion so cosmopolitan. 

The discovery of gold in California increased the com- 
merce of the islands. Twenty-seven vessels sailed regularly 
between Hawaii and the American coast. For a few years 
the Hawaiians shipped wheat and potatoes to California. 

Hawaii still had international troubles to face. A French 
frigate under Admiral Tromelin came to Honolulu in 1849 
to sustain the French consul in further unjust demands. 
They gave Kamehameha III three days to answer them. 
He sent a courteous reply, saying he had been faithful to 
the treaty. He offered to refer the disputed points to the 
mediation of another power, and told the admiral that no 
resistance would be made to his force. 

That afternoon the admiral landed a detachment of armed 
men with two fieldpieces, scaling ladders, and implements 


244 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


of war. They marched up to the fort to strains of martial 
music, waving their flag. There was no garrison. The gates 
of the empty fort stood wide open. The French entered, 
and hauled down the Hawaiian flag. They also tock posses- 
sion of the other govern- 
ment buildings, and seized 
the king’s yacht. For ten 
days the French occupied 
Honolulu, and allowed no 
vessels to leave the harbor. 
All business ceased. But no 
one resisted them, and gocd 
order prevailed. The foreign 
consuls in Honolulu remon- 
strated with the admiral, the 
British consul telling him 
plainly that he was violating the joint treaty signed by 


Kamehameha IV 


France. 

After ten days the French admiral held a council with the 
king’s ministers on board his ship. During the meeting 
his men dismantled the fort. They spiked and broke the 
guns, and poured the powder into the sea. They filled up 
an old well, and destroyed the calabashes and ornaments 
in the governor’s house. 

The French finally departing, the king and council 


HAWAII AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 245 


decided to send Dr. Judd to Europe as a special commis- 
sioner with the two young princes, Lot and Alexander, to 
obtain justice from France for the injuries received. They 
sailed out of the harbor amid hearty cheering. All the 
ships in port manned their yards. On reaching Paris 
Dr. Judd found that the French consul had arrived there 
before them. Although the young princes, with their good 
training and education, did 
credit to their country, all 
their efforts for it were in 
vain. 

In 1852 the whaling sea- 
son brought a fleet of two 
hundred vessels returning 
from the Arctic Ocean with 
heavy cargoes of whalebone 
and oil. They filled the 
harbor, moored side by side 
in two long lines so close 
together that one could walk 


from vessel to vessel from 
the water front to the har- 
bor entrance. Over three thousand men formed the crews, 


Queen Emma 


among them many hardened characters. In a drunken 
riot they burned down the two-story station house, almost 


246 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


setting fire to their own fleet. For two days, until the foreign | 
residents formed a military company and patrolled the town, 
Honolulu was at their mercy. : 

Kamehameha III was wise in conferring important offices 
of state on able men. The natives remembered him after 
his death, which occurred in the year 1854, as the king who 
had made freemen of them, giving them the right to own 
their land and to representation in the legislature. 

Kamehameha III had chosen as his successor his adopted 
son, Alexander, the child of Kinau, who had led him to 
take a stand for the welfare of his people. Alexander, 
brilliant and winning, became Kamehameha IV at the 
age of twenty-one. His marriage the next year with a 
eranddaughter of John Young, the beautiful and cul- 
tured Emma Rooke, won hearty approval. The royal 
standard waved from the church tower for the wedding. 
Flags floated over the whole town. As the king’s carriage, 
escorted by mounted aides-de-camp, came forth from the 
palace cate to meet the carriage of the bridal party with 
kahili bearers on each side, a royal salute sounded. They 
drove from the palace to the church over a road covered 
with rushes and lined with soldiers, who with many of 
the spectators prostrated themselves until their foreheads 
touched the ground. The retainers threw their outer gar- 
ments under the horses’ feet. 


HAWAII AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 247 


Two years later, Queen Emma gave birth to a son. The 
people acclaimed him “Prince of Hawaii,’’ amid great re- 
joicing ; but at the age of four the little prince died. The 
whole nation sorrowed. His baby cradle has been carefully 
treasured to the present day. 

Queen Emma and Kamehameha IV left a monument to 
the nation in the Queen’s Hospital, for which the king and 
queen personally canvassed the town to secure subscriptions. 

Kamehameha’s elder 
brother Lot, also the son of 
Kinau, succeeded him. The 
last of the Kamehamehas to 
reign, he inherited some of 
the strength of purpose and 
the. ability of Kamehameha 
the Great. 

“T will not sign the death 
warrant of my people!” he 
exclaimed, when told that “i, 
a bill to license the selling pecan 
of liquor to natives was pending in the legislature. 

Owing to several causes, the number of whale ships now 
decreased. During the American Civil War, a Confederate 
cruiser had burned four whalers at Bonape, Caroline Islands, 
and twenty whalers later in the Arctic seas. In the autumn 


248 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


of 1871, icefields shut in the whaling-fleet in the Arctic and 
wrecked thirty-three vessels. Over a thousand seamen es- 
caped in five ships to Honolulu. It was estimated that this 
disaster caused Honolulu a loss of two hundred thousand 
dollars a year. The dimin- 
ished number of whales and 
the discovery of petroleum 
practically closed the visits to 
Hawaii of these whalers. 
Kamehameha V never mar- 
ried, having desired to wed the 
high chiefess, Bernice Pauahi, 
the great-granddaughter of 
Kamehameha, a rarely beauti- 


ful and accomplished lady, 


King Lunalilo 


who married instead Mr. C. 
R. Bishop, a highly-esteemed American. 

As no provision had been made for a direct heir, Lunalilo, 
the next king, was elected by the people. He reigned only 
a year. When he died, he bequeathed all his property to 
the maintenance of the Lunalilo Home for aged Hawaiians. 

The choice for the next ruler lay between two candidates, 
Kalakaua, married to a granddaughter of Kaumualii, and 
Queen Emma, widow of Kamehameha IV. A stanch follow- 
ing of partisans who loved Queen Emma caused such a riot 


HAWAIL AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 249 


when the legislature elected Kalakaua, that to quell it the 
government had to call upon two American warships and 
an English warship in port. 

Soon after Kalakaua came to the throne, he made a trip to 
the United States, and helped to bring about the Reciprocity 
‘Treaty, by which the United States, in return for the use 
of Pearl Harbor and the admittance into Hawaii of several 
United States products free 
of duty, agreed to remit the 
duty on rice and sugar from 
Hawaii.. This made _ pos- 
sible the great wealth of the 
\islands through sugar. 

Broken in health, Kala- 
kaua again visited California. 
A royal welcome had been 
prepared for his return, when 


an American warship en- : 
tered the harbor with flag at Se ee tf oe 
half-mast, bearing the king’s remains. Instead of being deco- 
rated with gay colors, the arches were draped with mourning. 

At noon on the same day Kalakaua’s sister Liliuokalani, 
took the oath to the constitution, and was proclaimed 
queen. Her niece, the charming young Princess Kaiulani, 
became her heir. 


250 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Queen Liliuokalani’s first legislature with her consent \, 
passed a bill to establish a lottery in Honolulu and an act | 
~  Jicensing the sale 
of opium. This 
portended a dark 
future. Immedi- | 
ately after, she | 
brought about a | 
revolution and a_ 
change of govern- 
ment by attempt- 
ing to promulgate , 


a new constitu- 
tion that she had | 
drawn up to re- \ 
move the checks | 


et on her power and 
Queen Liliuokalani allow only Ha- 
walians to vote. In the last two reigns there had been sev- 
eral turbulent times. Alarmed for the welfare of the coun- 
try, the citizens formed a provisional government, with 
President Dole at the head, until annexation could be ar- 
ranged with the United States. 

As union with America seemed far off, after the provisional 
government had served a year and a half it was changed 


/) 


HAWAIL AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD 251 


to the Republic of Hawaii, with President Dole still at the 


front. 


In the meantime many people felt uneasy in regard to the 


ereat immigration from Japan. 
For several years, Japanese im- 
migrants had been arriving by 
the thousand, until it seemed 
likely that unless Hawaii be- 
came a part of the United States 
soon, it might be taken by 
Japan. | 

- The Spanish-American War 
drew the attention of the United 
States to the importance of 
these islands as a naval station, 
and showed that they were the 


[Ny 
) ‘} 
NH 1) 
Ay 
WA) 
% 

h 


—* 


President Sanford B. Dole 


key to the Pacific. Finally, in 1898, a steamer decked with 
American flags brought the news that Congress had decided 


to annex Hawaii. Five years after the commissioners from 


this country had first sought alliance with the great republic, 


the American flag floated over the shores of Hawaii, this 


% time permanently bringing lasting peace and prosperity. 


CHAPTER XI 
PROGRESS IN HAWAII 


How has Hawaii, the most isolated land on the globe, | 
once scorned by Spanish gold seekers and ravaged by wars, 
become a mine of wealth and a center of advanced civiliza- 
tion, in close touch with all the world? The answer would 
be the entire account of its progress, covering its whole 
history. Shall we glance between the centuries at a very 
few pages of the story ? | 

Far back in the past, we see slender canoes braving the 
open Pacific. Although frequently lost in hazardous voyages, 
these were the sole means of sending messages across the 
waters. The other side of the globe was unknown. 

Turn forward three centuries. Sailing ships visited Hawaii 
yearly from around Cape Horn, with news of the far world, 
after a five months’ voyage. Travel between the islands was 
equally slow. A few leaky old schooners with lazily flapping 
sails, often becalmed under the lee of an island for a week 
at a time, made the tour between Hilo and Honolulu in 
from four to six weeks. They carried the only mail. When 


one of these schooners entered the Honolulu harbor, hundreds 
252 


PROGRESS IN HAWAII 209 


of natives collected on the east side of the reef, threw a rope 
to the schooner, and tugging away, pulled it to the anchorage. 

To-day not sailing ships, but fast steamers, run regularly 
between the island ports, crossing to the farthest in a day. 
From east and west and north and south, steamers are 
coming and going weekly. Honolulu Harbor, deepened, 
accommodates large steamers at its wharves. Pearl Harbor 
is being dredged for a naval station, and a breakwater 
may soon make Hilo a favorite stopping place. In 1900 
wireless telegraphy was used to carry instant messages 
between the islands. In 1903 an enterprising American 
bound the Pacific from end to end with a cable. Hawaii 
has the world’s news in each morning’s paper. 

As by sea, so on land we find marvelous changes in the 
ways of communication and transportation. In the early 
days roads were rare, although in the sixteenth century 
Umi on Hawaii and his brother-in-law on Maui had built 
stone-paved roads that still endure. The trip then over the 
pali at the head of Nuuanu Valley was so perilous that the 
Hawaiians, when attempting it, make offerings to a stone 
god at its foot, for safety. It was wise for a foreigner ascend- 
_ing or descending it to have his feet held in place by a bird 
catcher, the most skilled of mountain climbers. 

For long years the only methods of traveling on the islands 
were either afoot or in a basket slung on a pole that was 


254 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


borne at each end on the shoulder of aman. The only car- 
riage was a long stick of kauila wood notched at one end 
where the burdens 
were attached. It 
made callous the 
shoulder of the porter. 

To-day, only for 
pleasure or exercise 
do we climb or walk, 
while hourly trains 
and swift automobiles 
make journeying and 
transportation rapid 
and easy. 

The deep-toned 
conchs once sounded 
afar call to war. 


Kamehameha’s cour- 


A Chief’s Poi Bearer 


iers, known by the 

coins or medals that they wore, ran from place to place 

with his messages. Now there is no need of these or of 

the primitive telegraphing of the women tapa beaters, for 
each island is encircled by telephone wires. 

Less than fifty years ago a Hawaiian-born American, 

returned from college, stood on the slopes of Haleakala, 


PROGRESS IN HAWAII 255 


and seeing the waterfalls and streams in the forests below 
him, planned how to carry this “life-giving water of Kane’”’ 
to the vast arid plains in the west. To-day scientifi- 
cally trained engineers have made his daydream a reality. 
The once barren plains of East and West Maui ripple green 
with waving cane. Had Kamehameha lived now, his un- 
finished tunnel for a watercourse through the mountain 
side at Niulii would have been completed by dynamite, 
like the eleven miles of tunneling in the great Hamakua 
Lower Ditch, which passes through the Hiilawe Falls at the 
head of Waipio Valley, and yields one hundred million gallons 
of water in twenty-four hours. For on Maui, Kauai, and 
Hawaii skillfully engineered tunnels have brought forth 
the water needed to develop the sugar industry, Hawaii’s 
ereatest source of wealth. On Oahu artesian wells have 
reached “the water of magic power.’’ The Chinese have 
harnessed also the waters in the swamps, turning the marshes 
near the seashore into verdant ricefields, twice a year yellow 
with their gold. 

Seventy years ago, an eager group of eray-heads might 
have been seen crowding around the one book held in the 
teacher’s hand. Some learned to read with the letters 
sidewise, some with the book upside down. Although their 
remaining years were few, this was the first opportunity 
they had had to receive any education. They had only 


200 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


banana leaves, the sand beach, and stones to write on. 
Later younger pupils made long journeys into the mountains 
for timber, building their own schoolhouses, and then 


Kamehameha School 


sitting on mats over the bare ground under the buildings, 
to receive coveted instruction. | | 
Those days are past. Now all the youth of the land have 
free education provided for them in well furnished govern- 
ment schoolhouses, where the instruction is as good as 
that in schools of any other civilized land. The first college 


PROGRESS IN HAWAII 257 


chartered on this side of the Rocky Mountains was Oahu 
College at Punahou, Honolulu. Mrs. Pauahi Bishop, who 
refused the crown when 
Kamehameha V offered 
it to her, chose to serve 
her nation in another 
way. She bequeathed 
to it the Kamehameha 
School for the instruc- 
tion of Hawaiian boys 
and girls desiring to be- 
come good and industri- 
ous men and women. 
Hawaii’s wealth alone 
could not avail to make 
it the paradise of the 
Pacific. Glance back- 
ward seventy years. 


The governor of Oahu, Fi Hon. Bernice Pauahi Bishop 

the younger Keeaumoku, 

Kaahumanu’s brother, had ordered some hundreds of his 
people at Waialua to leave their work and studies and 20 
into the mountains to cut sandalwood for him. All obeyed 
but one man. Perhaps his child was ill. The chief had this 
man’s house set on fire. It was burned to the eround. The 


STORY OF HAWAII —17 


258 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


man still refused to go. All his possessions were seized 
and his wife and family driven off the chief’s estate. 

But in this same period, after the rebellion on Kauai, we 
see also the old chief Kalaimoku, second in rank in the nation, 
who holds a position of almost unbounded power, covering 
his hunted and cap- 
tured enemy with 
his own cloak. This 
difference in dealing 
with the people was 
because of Christi- 


: : anity, teaching for- 
A Calabash (very old) giveness and love. 

Catholic priests and nuns now devote themselves to 
ministering to the unfortunate lepers, who are exiled, but 
well cared for, on an isolated part of Molokai. Here many 
a sister from France, or Belgium, or America, whose name 
is unknown to the world, lives a life of complete self-sacrifice, 
lovely in deeds of mercy. 

“This was once a land of war,” said a worthy chief, 
John II, in a public address; ‘‘we were a fighting people. 
The burdens of the poor are made lighter; old people are 
not taxed now, nor do they go to chief’s work.” At the 
same time, Kekuanaoa, a government official, spoke : — 

“We were not taught to respect the rights of others,” 


PROGRESS IN HAWAII 2959 


he said; “chiefs oppressed the poor without mercy. Prop- 
erty is now secured to all by the laws of the kingdom. 
Taxes are fixed and regulated.” 

Education, Christianity, and good government_have 
brought true freedom to Hawaii and made it.a.civilized-center. 

~How was justice rendered formerly ‘ ? Look into the past 
darker chapters of the history. Jn the midst of a circle 
of people in the front yard of the king stood a calabash 
of water. On one side of it sat the men accused of crimes. 
A priest offered a 
prayer. The sus- 
pected culprits, one 
by one, held both 
hands with fingers 
spread over the cala- 
bash, while the priest 
looked steadily at 
the face of the 
water. If the water 


trembled, the culprit 


Calabash with Cover 


was guilty. There 
were practically no degrees of punishment. Death was the 
common penalty. 

To-day one ruler does not have all power. The govern- 
ment is chosen by the people. Their representatives in 


260 


the legislature make the laws. 


executive government carry out the laws. 


Wh Pa 
HA 


i 


I == Set SS = 
ae = S22 
SSS = = === 


x U ie ¢ 

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THE STORY OF HAWAII 


Their members of the 


The president 
of the United States 
appoints the gov- 
and the 
hold 
careful trials to deal 


ernor 
judges, who 
justly with those» 


who have broken 


_the laws. 


In education, 
Christianity, and 
good government, 
Hawaii has pro- 
eressed, but not in 
its native arts. 
Nothing more beau- 
tiful has ever been 
made here than the 
finely woven Niihau 
mats of early days, 


the dull polished 


ecalabashes of mottled wood, the tapas, exquisite in color- 


ing, endless in variety of design, and executed with surpris- 


ing perfection. 


PROGRESS IN HAWAII 261 


In the Bishop Museum Jook at the smallest of calabashes, 
a little one of kau wood from which Queen Emma ate as a 
child, and the large ones used by Kamehameha at feasts. 
Even in these later days of steel instruments and turning 


wee 
ae re we \ ; 
‘a * AN 8 
(\ 


Polishing Stones 


lathes, no improvement can be made in the beauty and 
symmetry of these early calabashes. They were cut with 
stone adzes; smoothed with pieces of coral and pumice and 
charcoal; polished with breadfruit leaves and tapa and the 
palm of the hand. 


262 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


With so few and such poor tools, how did these early 
Hawaiians do such accurate and such perfect work? It 
was because of their patient and painstaking industry, for 
which they were famed. 

The Hawaiian tapa work, as well as their basket making, 
is almost a lost art. In former days the higher chiefesses 


SSA 
oe EE 


= 


Tapa Beaters 


made the choicest tapas their chosen work, especially 
on Kauai excelling in the variety of their figures. The 
word for the tapa marking, palapala, was applied also 
to writing, when the chiefesses saw men writing for the first 
time on Captain Cook’s ship. The chiefesses spared no 
pains in their careful work. After beating the tapa into 


PROGRESS IN HAWAII 263 


fabric with plain kauila beaters, to improve the texture they 
took carved ones named after their special patterns; as, 
laumau, fern frond, kupuai koloa, track of duck, lei hala, 
wreath of hala, niho mano, shark’s teeth, koeau, worm in 
motion, iwipuhi, backbone of aneel. Next these women 
proved their skill and taste in preparing the prettiest colors 
from the leaves, the bark, the berries, and the roots of 
plants, adding one or two kinds of earth in mixing the 
darker colors. For red they used red earth, the amau- 
mau fern, and the palaa fern; for pink, the akala berries; 
for bright yellow, the root of the noni tree; for pale blue, 
the tiny dark berries of the uki plant; for brown, the 
barks of the noni and the kukui trees. These dyes they 
mixed and kept in stone cups. A cone of the lauhala tree 
served them as a paintbrush ready-made. With a cutter of 
shark’s teeth they made their choice patterns for stamps on 
bamboo sticks. After dipping these into the dye, they struck 
the tapa with them until they had covered it with the fine 
figures. Last of all they coated the paus with oil to make 
them waterproof and to give them a finishing gloss. When 
completed their work was beautiful, far more delicate in 
design and texture than that of any other tapa in the Pacific. 

In the Bishop Museum, the feather helmet of Kaumualii, 
king of Kauai, given by him to a foreign teacher just before 
he left his island for the last time, reminds us of the Greek 


264 THE STORY OF HAWAII 


helmets. Its form could not be more graceful nor its color. 
more splendid. Near it hangs the mamo cloak of Kame- 
hameha, the magnificent mantle for many years spread 
over the king’s throne on all state occasions. No one knows 
how many years bird catchers searched the mountains for 
its feathers. Reaching up into the lehua trees their gummed 
poles tied with ohia, 
banana, and _lobelia 
he blossoms, they waited 
until the honey-suck- 
ing birds, hopping to 


put their long, curved 


Mamo 


bills into their favorite 
flowers, were ensnared. The oo had one little tuft of yellow 
feathers under each wing. But for this cloak only the 
choicest and brightest of yellow feathers would do — those 
of the mamo, a rare, black bird, now extinct. The moun- 
tain climbers found a few yellow feathers under its wings 
and on its back. Later Kamehameha instructed his bird 
catchers : — 

‘““When you take a bird, do not strangle it. But having 
plucked the few feathers for which it is sought, set it free, 
that others may grow in their place.” 

Into each mesh of a fine olona net patient hands tied with 
three twists a little yellow mamo feather, less than an inch 


PROGRESS IN HAWAII 265 


long. They overlapped them skillfully a sixth of an inch 
apart to form a smooth surface. Many generations bent 
toiling over this royal 
cloak. They worked 
on it through the reigns 
of nine kings. At least 
a hundred years after 
the bird hunters had 
begun to collect feath- 


Oo 


ers for it, there was 

joy —the cloak was finished! It fell four feet long, and 
spread eleven and a half feet at the bottom. A million 
dollars would hardly pay for the labor alone. This golden 
mantle, equal in value and beauty -to royal gems, fittingly 
belonged to Kamehameha the Great, who with far-seeing 
vision prepared the way in Hawaii for progress. 


APPENDIX 


SOURCES 


The bibliography below comprises the sources for this book with the 
exception of three incidents. To Dr. Dwight Baldwin, who resided at 
Lahaina, we are indebted for the stories about Kamehameha III’s canoe 
man, and his interview with the whaling captain; to Mr. J. M. Dowsett, 
who lived at Puuloa and knew a great deal of unwritten Hawaiian history, 
for the story of the Oahu conspirators. 

W. D. AtexanpEr. “A Brief History of the Hawaiian Islands.” 

Mary AnpErson. ‘‘Scenes in the Hawaiian Islands.” 

M. J. Araco. “Voyage autour du Monde.” 

Mary Frances Armstronc. (Compiled). “Richard Armstrong.’ j 

Lyman Bercuer. ‘Memoirs of Henry Obookiah.” 

Hiram Brinauam. ‘‘A Residence of Twenty-two Years in the Sandwich 
Islands.”’ 

WiuuraM T. Briguam. ‘‘ Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 
of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History.”’ 

Vol. I, No. 1. ‘‘Hawaiian Feather-work.”’ 

Vol. I, No. 4. “ Ancient Hawaiian Stone Implements.” 

Vol. Il, No. 1. “Hawaiian Mat and Basket Weaving.” 

Vol. II, No. 2. “Old Hawaiian Carvings.” 

Vol. II, No. 3. “The Ancient Hawaiian House.”’ 

Vol. III. “Ka Hana Tapa: The Making of Bark Cloth in Hawaii.” 
W.R. Broveuton. ‘A Voyage of Discovery in the North Pacific.” 
ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL. ‘‘A Voyage round the World.” 

Mrs. H. A. P. Carter. “Kapiolani.” 

H. T. Curever. ‘Life in the Sandwich Islands.”’ 
L. B. Coan. ‘Titus Coan, a Memoir.” 

Titus Coan. ‘Life in Hawaii.” 


JoHN Cotcorp. ‘Journal.’ 
266 


APPENDIX 267 


JAMES Cook and JAMEs Kina. ‘A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean.”’ 

Peter Corney. “Karly Northern Pacific Voyages.’ 

M. Deresrorp. (Dixon Book) “A Voyage round the World, but More 
Particularly to the North West Coast of America in 1786 by Portlock 
and Dixon in the King George and Queen Charlotte.” 

SHELDON DipBLE. “History of the Sandwich Islands.”’ 

W. Evuis. ‘“Cook’s Voyage.” 

W. Ennis. ‘Narrative of a Tour through Hawaii.” 

N. B. Emerson. “Unwritten Literature of Hawaii.” 

ABRAHAM FORNANDER. “The Polynesian Race.” 

— “Collection of Legends.”’ 

Marta Grawam. ‘Voyage of H. M. 8. Blonde in the years 1824 and 
1825.” 

JAMES JACKSON JARVIS. ‘‘History of the Sandwich Islands.”’ 

—— ‘“‘Scenes and Scenery in the Hawaiian Islands.”’ 

Laura Fiso Jupp. ‘‘Honolula: Sketches of Life, Social, Political, and 
Religious, in the Hawaiian Islands.”’ 

Kauakaua. “The Legends and Myths of Hawaii.”’ 

Kama Kav. ‘“‘Kama Kau’s Account of Captain Cook” (translated by 
Rev. W. D. Westervelt). 

Orro von Korrzesu. ‘A Voyage around the World.”’ 

—— “A New Voyage around the World.” 

Mary Krovut. ‘Hawaii and a Revolution.”’ 

— “The Memoirs of Hon. Bernice Pauahi Bishop.” 

— ‘‘A Memoriam of Mrs. Rice.” 

JOHN Lepyarp. “A Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage to the 
Pacific Ocean.” 

J. Listanski. ‘“‘A Voyage round the World.” 

Davin Mato. ‘Hawaiian Antiquities.” 

JoHN Meares. ‘Voyages made in the Years 1788 and 1789.” 

Wiuuram Cooper Parke. ‘Personal Reminiscences.” 


268 APPENDIX 


NaTHANIEL Portiock. “A Voyage round the World.” 

M. Jutes Remy. ‘“Récits d’un Vieux Sauvage pour servir a I’ Histoire 
Ancienne de Hawaii.” 

SreveN Reynotps. ‘‘Journal.” 

Wiuuiam Ricuarps. ‘‘Keopuolani.” 

S. Percy Smirn. ‘Hawaiki: The Original Home of the Maori; with a 
Sketch of Polynesian History.” 

C.S. Srewart. “A Residence in the Sandwich Islands.”’ 

Percis Taytor. ‘Kapiolani.”’ 

Tuomas G. Torum. ‘‘Menehunes.”’ 

Lucy G. Tourston. ‘Life and Times.” 

— ‘ Hawaiian Folk Tales.” 

TrumpuLt. ‘A Voyage round the World in the Years 1800-1804.” 

James Vancouver. ‘‘The Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific 
Ocean and around the World.” 

W. D. WESTERVELT. “Maui.” 

—‘“ Life of Kamehameha I.” 

CHARLES WiLKEs. ‘Narrative of the U. 8. Exploring Expedition.” 

Lucien Youna. ‘The Boston at Honolulu.” 


PERIODICALS 


Hawatian Historical Society Reports, 1892-1909. 

Hawaiian Monthly. 

Hawaiian Missionary Children’s Society Reports. 

Hawaiian Spectator. 

Hawaiv’s Young People. 

Missionary Herald, 1821-1840. 

Nupepa Kuakoa, 1911. 

Thrum’s Almanac and Annual, 1874-1910. ‘ 
The Islander. 


APPENDIX 269 


PRONUNCIATION OF HAWAIIAN WORDS 


“The original Hawaiian alphabet, adopted by the first’ missionaries, 
contained but twelve letters, five of which were vowels and seven conso- 
nants, viz.: a, @, 1, 0, u, h, k, l, m,n, p, and w. The number of distinct 
sounds is about sixteen. 

“No distinction was formerly made between the sounds of k and t, 
or between those of / and r. In poetry, however, the sound of ¢ was 
preferred to that of k. The letter w generally sounds like » between the 
penult and the final syllable of a word. 

‘A is sounded as in father e as in they, 7 as in marine, o as in note, U as 
in rule or as 00 in moon. 

“Av when sounded as a diphthong resembles the English ay, and au 
the English ow in loud. 

“Besides the sounds mentioned above, there is in many words a guttural 
break between two vowels, which is represented by an apostrophe in a few 
common words, to distinguish their meaning, as Kina’u. 

“Hivery word and every syllable must end in a vowel, and no two con- 
sonants occur without a vowel sound between them. 

“The accent of about five sixths of the words in the language is on the 
penult. A few of the proper names are accented on the final syllable, as 
Paki, Kiwalao, and Namakcha.”’ W. D. ALEXANDER. 


HAWAIIAN NAMES 


Haali‘lio’ Kahawa’'li Kala’ma Kapi‘ola’ni 
Haka’u Kaheki’li Kala’niopu’u Kapu’le 
Hawai'i-lo’a Kai’ana Kame’hame’ha Ka/uikea’ouli 
Hoap/‘ili Kai’kioe’wa Kame’hama’lu  Kau’muali’i 
Hua’lala’i Kalai’moku’ Kanalo’a Kawe'lu 


Kaa’/huma’nu Kala’/ka/ua Ka/ne Kee’aumo’ku 


APPENDIX 


270 

Keku’aokal’ani Ki’walao’ Mano’no Paa’o 

Kekuhaupi’o Kuaki’ni Ma’ui Paki’ 

Keo’ puola’ni Liholi’ho Nahie’nae’na Paua’hi 

Keo’ua Lili’ha Nai’‘he Pe’le 

Ki’amaka’ni Lili’uokala’ni Obooki’ah Piike’a 

Kina’u Lilo’a Oma’okama’u Pi’imaiwa’a 

GLOSSARY 

Aha. Prayer, during which silence | Holo. To run. 
must be kept. Holua. A sled, or toboggan. 

Aikane. <A very intimate friend. Hono. Harbor. 

nee tad: Ieie. A vine; Freycinetia scandens. 

Akala. Red berry, raspberry; |... : ‘ 
Pais erence! Ilima. A yellow flower; sida. 

Aku. Species of fish. career 

oe liwipolena. A red bird. 

Akua. Spirit, or god. [ae “kee 

Ala. Way. ; : 

Alae. Mud hen. Ka. The (article). 

Alii. A chief. Ka’haha’. An exclamation. 

Aumakua. A tutelar deity. Kahili. Feathered staff. 

Awa. An intoxicating drink made| Kahu. Nurse and guardian. . 
from the root of the plant Piper| Kahuna. A priest. 
methysticum. Kaili. To take. oe 

iy rep te. Kalo or taro. Colocasia, the Ha- 

Flee aka wallan staf of life. 

Kama. Child. 

Hala. Pandanus tree. Kamani. A tree. 

Hale. House. Kaulu. Sea slug. 

Hau. A tree; Hibiscus tiliaceus. |Ke. The. 

Heiau. Temple. Kea. White. 

Hekili. Thunder. Ki or ti. A plant; cordyline. 

Hoapili. Companion. Kimo. Game with pebbles. 


APPENDIX 


Kiokio. Ancient musical instru- 
ment; gourd with three holes, 
one for the nose. 

Koa. 


Kona. 


A tree; Acacia koa. 
Southwesterly storm. 

Kou. A tree; Cordia subcordata. 

Ku. Stand. 

Kuhina nui. 
mier, held by a woman. 

Kui. The sea. 

Kukui. A tree; Aleurites moluc- 
cana. 


The sun. 
A covered porch. 
The sky. 
A leaf. 
A red flower. 
A wreath. 
Limu. Moss. 
Loa. Very or long. 
Lomilomi. Massage. 
Lua. Two. 


Mai. 


The position of pre- 


La. 
Lanai. 
Lanil. 
Lau. 
Lehua. 
Lei. 


Hither. 

Maika. A game, with stone disks. 
Maikai. Good. 

Maile. A plant; Alyxia oliveeformis. 
Makahiki. New Year’s festival. 
Makani. Wind. 

Malo. Loin cloth. 

Malu. Shade. 

Manoa. Thick, broad. 

Manu. A bird. 


271 


Mau. 
Mauna. 


Forever. 

A mountain. 
Mehameha. Lonely. 
Mele. <A song. 
Menehunes. 
Moana. The ocean. 
Moi’. King. 
Mokihane. A plant. 
Moku. An island. 
Moo. A lizard. 


Industrious elves. 


A shower. 
A tooth. 
Great. 


Naulu. 
Niho. 
Nu. 


GasOL 

Ohia. 

Ola. Life. 

Olona’. <A 
latifolia. 

A native spade. 

A bird; Acrulocercus nobilis. 

A fish. 

You. 


A tree; the metrosideros. 


shrub; Touchardia 
Oo’. 
O'o; 
Opelu. 
Oukou. 


A game played with a dart. 
A precipice. 
To go up. 
Grass. 

Yellow berry. 
Poi. <A food made of taro root. 
Pola. The platform of a double 

canoe. 

Pono. Right. 


Pahee. 
Pali. 
Pi. 
Pile 
Poha. 


212 APPENDIX 


Pu. A conch shell. ment; bamboo with three 


Pua. A flower. strings. 
Umeke. Calabash. 
Tapa. Cloth made from wood fiber. 


Taro. A food plant from which poi Wahine. Woman. 


is made. Wai. Water. 
Ti. A plant. Wauke. Mulberry; Broussonetia 
papyrifera. 


Ukeke’. Ancient musical instru-| Wikiwiki. Quick. 


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